Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 7, issue 1,
1998
Includes:
the ILSI SEA Regional Forum and Workshop on recommended dietary allowances:
Scientific basis and future directions
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Contents
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Abstract |
Paper
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Control and
prevention of micronutrient malnutrition.
Ian Darnton-Hill
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):1.
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A
loaf of bread: Price and value.
John Pearn
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):8-14.
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Personal
predictors of consumers' food and health concerns
Anthony Worsley and Grace Skrzypiec
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):15-23.
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The role of food analysis in national and international nutrition
programmes.
Shawn M Somerset and Ruth M English
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):24-28.
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Dietary
intake of trace elements and minerals among adults in underprivileged
communities of rural Rajasthan, India.
U Kapil, D Verma, M Goel, N Saxena, N Gnanasekaran,
G Goindi and D Nayar
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):29-32.
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Sodium
and potassium intakes and blood pressure in Chinese adults in
Hong Kong: A comparison with southern China.
TYK Chan, AYW Chan, JTF Lau and JAJH Critchley
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):33-36.
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Bioavailability
of two different formulations of coenzyme Q10 in healthy
subjects.
ML Wahlqvist, N Wattanapenpaiboon, GS Savige and
D Kannar
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):37-40.
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Riboflavin
requirements of Filipino children and non-pregnant, pregnant and
lactating women: Studied by the erthrocyte glutathione reductase
activation test.
Miriam D Kuizon, Juanita R Madriagà, Leah A Perlas,
Ennata M Avena, Juanita M Marcos, Josefina A Desnacido, Rosario
T Fuertes and Manuel P Macapinlac
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):41-48.
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html |
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Measurements
of body fat in Indonesian adults: Comparison between a three-compartment
model and widely used methods.
J Küpper, M Bartz, JW Schultink, W Lukito and P
Deurenberg
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):49-54.
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html |
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Mid-upper-arm
circumference development and its validity in assessment of undernutrition.
Le Thi Hop, R Gross, S Sastroamidjojo, Tu Giay
and W Schultink
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):65-69.
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Body
composition as a predictor of blood pressure in three communities
in Guangdong province, China.
Karin T Idema, Bridget H-H Hsu-Hage, Yi-He Li,
Mark L Wahlqvist, Xuxu Rao, Kui Zhang, Tie Han Kuang, Dao Lin
Zhang and Zong Rong Dai
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):70-76.
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Relationship
between fatty acid compositions and taurine concentration in breast
milk from Chinese rural mothers.
Yang Cha Lee-Kim, Taesun Park, Eun Jung Chung,
Young Sook Um, Sian Lei, Mingyan Xiang and Tong Li
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):77-83.
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html |
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Anti-HIV
activity of alkaline extract from pine seed shells (Pinus
koraiensis).
Masatoshi Nakano, Yoshiko Itoh, Toshiaki Mizuno
and Hideki Nakashima
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):84-87.
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html |
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Nutritional
and pulmonary function assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease: Effects of nutritional supplementation.
JR Lambert, E Tai, B Strauss, L Blackwell, N Manolitsas,
S Marks, R Bainbridge, D Stroud and ML Wahlqvist
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):88-93.
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html |
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The
ILSI SEA Regional Forum and Workshop on recommended
dietary allowances: Scientific basis and future directions
Rodolfo F Florentino
Asia
Pac J Clin Nutr. 1998;7(1):96-101.
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Control
and prevention of micronutrient malnutrition.
Ian Darnton-Hill
The importance
of micronutrient deficiencies to child survival and to the health
and development of nations is universally recognized. Over two billion
people, or more than one in three individuals, are at risk of iron,
vitamin A and iodine deficiencies. More than 13 million people suffer
night blindness or total blindness due to vitamin A deficiency; severe
iron deficiency accounts for one in five maternal deaths and one-third
of all young children are anaemic; iodine deficiency affects 50 million
children and is the greatest single preventable cause of intellectual
impairment, as well as a major cause of lost potential and productivity.
The World Summit for Children acknowledged that the elimination of
the various forms of micronutrient malnutrition would constitute a
significant contribution to social, economic and public health development.
At the FAO/WHO International Conference on Nutrition held in Rome
in 1992, the governments and the non-Governmental Organizations from
virtually all nations, together with the international development
community, made the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders and
vitamin A deficiency important goals to be achieved by the end of
the decade, along with a substantial reduction in the levels of iron
deficiency anaemia. The United States Agency for International Development
established the Opportunities for Micronutrient Interventions in 1993
to help countries achieve these goals by institutionalizing micronutrient
activities into other sectoral policies, projects and strategies internationally.
An important factor in the recent perceived higher priority for multisectoral
micronutrient interventions is the cost-effectiveness of such interventions.
The World Bank estimates that a deficiency of vitamin A, iron and
iodine could waste up to 5% of the gross domestic product (GDP) of
a country, while addressing them effectively would cost only 0.3%
of GDP. The three main complementary approaches to controlling and
preventing micronutrient malnutrition include food-based strategies
such as fortification and diet-based approaches including gardening;
supplementation; and related public health interventions.
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A
loaf of bread: Price and value.
John Pearn
In
the Western world, the basic staple of nutrition is bread. It evolved,
from Neolithic times in Mesopotamia and the Levant, from flour made
from natural hybrids of emmer and einkorn. Its form has changed from
that of a dark, coarse and heavy loaf, baked in the ashes, to the
enriched artistic breads of the late twentieth century. Its variety
of forms conferred status on those who ate its refined and whitened
form. The wheel of fashion and nutrition has turned full circle to
the quality-controlled, vitamin and mineral-enriched wholemeal loaf
of the new millennium to come. Bread has changed from a staple not
simply of nutrition itself, but to that of a 'functional food' whose
fibre confers protection against preventible disease. The bread of
the new century thus will be both a food and a medicine. So fundamental
to Western life is bread, that its price has long been the last item
to remain controlled, when all else is left to the dictates of a free
market economy. Bread is the fundamental unit of exchange and forms
the last link in a chain of commodities which starts from items of
luxury to those of survival itself. The price of bread can thus be
used as a currency datum. As such, the price of a loaf of bread, and
the minutes of labour needed to produce it, can be used to measure
the economy, and to give a measured perspective of its influence on
a community's history. Costs, throughout history, can be expressed
in 'bread units'. As such, the latter forms an absolute index of the
worth of other items, particularly a person's labour. As such, bread
and its value forms a partly independent measure of inflationary and
other social influences. Bread remains a fundamental part not only
of nutrition, but of life itself.
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Personal
predictors of consumers' food and health concerns
Anthony Worsley and Grace Skrzypiec
Three
surveys were conducted of 429 supermarket shoppers in Canberra, Australia,
in order to examine factors that may influence their concerns about
food and health. In each survey, a 28 item food and health concerns
inventory was administered along with selected personality trait,
personal values or shopping style scales. Principal components analysis
of the ratings of the food and health concerns derived eight components.
In order to test a number of hypotheses, a series of multiple regression
analyses were carried out in which the psychological variables were
entered along with demographic variables as predictors of the respondents'
scores on the concerns components. Response rates for the surveys
averaged 72%. The psychological variables accounted for more variance
in the food and health concern scores than the demographic variables.
Examples of the observed relationships showed that: (i) safety and
quality concerns were positively related to social activism and nature
values and to anomy, but were negatively related to age of the respondent
and neuroticism; (ii) concerns about hidden additives in foods were
directly linked to the quality-seeking shopping style; (iii) concerns
about general food system problems were positively linked to the nature
value orientation, and negatively to the self-monitoring and neuroticism
personality traits; (iv) empathy for vulnerable people was positively
linked to the social activism and nature values and negatively to
the fashion-seeking shopping style; concern about animal welfare was
directly related to the nature value. The findings show that individual
difference variables have some utility in predicting responses to
food and health issues. They have implications for food communicators,
nutrition educators, food label designers as well as consumer and
industry groups, all of whom need to recognize consumers' varied orientations.
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The
role of food analysis in national and international nutrition programmes.
Shawn M Somerset and Ruth M English
This paper outlines the importance of information on the composition
of foods for a wide range of national and international activities
at government, community and industry levels. Particular reference
is made to the essential need for nutrient composition data of food
supplied for the development of nutrition policy and programmes, for
nutrition research and nutritional education to improve health status
and reduce risk for disease. The regional activities of the International
Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) and the Asia Pacific Food Analysis
Network (APFAN) to promote the availability and quality of food composition
data, are discussed. In particular, reference is made to the role
of APFAN in promoting the use of consistent methodologies for food
analysis by its member organizations.
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Dietary
intake of trace elements and minerals among adults in underprivileged
communities of rural Rajasthan, India.
U
Kapil, D Verma, M Goel, N Saxena, N Gnanasekaran, G Goindi and D Nayar
In developing countries, data on dietary intake of trace elements,
and even major elements, is limited. The dietary intake of 1277 adults
of underprivileged communities of rural Rajasthan was studied. Intake
was assessed by the 24-h dietary recall method from which the average
daily intake of macronutrients, some major elements, and trace elements
was computed. The zinc intake was 69.7 and 49.7% of the recommended
daily allowance in males and non-pregnant non-lactating females, respectively.
The intakes of manganese and molybdenum were adequate when compared
with the suggested daily intakes. Element intake during the physiological
stress conditions of pregnancy and lactation was 42.4 and 53.0% for
zinc, 36.5 and 29.8% for copper, and 21.0 and 23.1% for calcium, respectively.
The intake of iron was less than 20 mg/day for all female subjects
studied. No significant difference was observed in the trace element
intake of subjects with different grades of malnutrition. Assessment
of dietary intake may provide a useful indication of the possible
status of major and trace elements among adult subjects.
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Sodium
and potassium intakes and blood pressure in Chinese adults in Hong
Kong: A comparison with southern China.
TYK
Chan, AYW Chan, JTF Lau and JAJH Critchley
The
ranges of sodium and potassium intake and their relationship to blood
pressure were studied in 126 healthy Chinese subjects (42 men, 84
women) aged between 20 and 65 years living in Hong Kong. An average
of three blood pressure measurements and one to three 24-hour urinary
sodium and potassium outputs were used to characterize an individual's
blood pressure, and sodium and potassium intake, respectively. The
average sodium and potassium intakes were 145 and 40 mmol/day in men
and 135 and 41 mmol/day in women. When compared with subjects of similar
age in southern China, Chinese in Hong Kong excreted 20% less sodium
but 40% more potassium and had a lower systolic blood pressure (113
vs 118 mmHg in men, 106 vs 112 mmHg in women). It should be remembered
that the Hong Kong subjects were heavier and were under more urban
stress, both of which would be expected to be associated with higher
blood pressure. The findings from this pilot study are compatible
with a positive association between sodium intake and blood pressure
and/or an inverse association between potassium intake and blood pressure.
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Bioavailability
of two different formulations of coenzyme Q10 in healthy
subjects.
ML Wahlqvist, N Wattanapenpaiboon, GS Savige and D
Kannar
The
bioavailability of coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone) formulated
as an emulsion in a soft gelatin capsule (Ensorb(TM), NDS Pty Ltd,
Sydney, Australia) was compared with a hard gelatin powder-filled
capsule. The study design was a randomized cross-over trial with a
3-week wash-out period. The study population comprised 23 apparently
healthy adults (12 men and 11 women), aged 2043 years. Each participant
took two 50 mg capsules, and blood samples were taken over a period
of 36 h. The plasma concentration of coenzyme Q10 peaked
between 3 and 4 h after administration of both preparations. The area
under the curve (AUC) of Ensorb™ was 927% higher than that observed
with the powder-filled capsule (P < 0.0001), suggesting
that this emulsion preparation has a higher bioavailability.
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Riboflavin
requirements of Filipino children and non-pregnant, pregnant and lactating
women: Studied by the erthrocyte glutathione reductase activation
test.
Miriam
D Kuizon, Juanita R Madriagà, Leah A Perlas, Ennata M Avena, Juanita
M Marcos, Josefina A Desnacido, Rosario T Fuertes and Manuel P Macapinlac
Riboflavin
requirements were studied in six non-pregnant, 12 pregnant, 11 lactating
women, 20 children aged 46 years and 14 children aged 1012 years.
All subjects initially were riboflavin-deficient with erythrocyte
glutathione reductase activation coefficient (EGR-AC) of >=1.3,
confined in a metabolic ward and repleted with increasing doses of
riboflavin during four 10 or 8 day feeding periods. The repletion
diet simulated the usual basal diet of the subjects but were modified
to contain adequate energy and protein in the pregnant group. Minimum
riboflavin requirements determined by regression analysis as intakes
required to obtain an EGR-AC value of < 1.3 were: 0.72 ± 0.09 (non-pregnant);
1.36 ± 0.37 (pregnant); 1.31 ± 0.16 (lactating); 0.58 ± 0.10 (children
46 years), and 0.70 ± 0.18 mg/d (children 1012 years). Riboflavin
requirements in mg/d, mg/1000 kcal, mg/g protein or mg/kg metabolic
body size for the groups varied. Because of the large variability,
the use of a single value relating riboflavin requirement to either
energy, protein requirements or metabolic body size to calculate requirements
for different age groups or gender is deemed inappropriate. It is
recommended that riboflavin requirements be expressed in mg/d as determined
experimentally for different population groups. Estimated recommended
dietary allowances for the groups studied, obtained by adding 30%
to the mean minimum riboflavin requirement, are presented.
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Measurements
of body fat in Indonesian adults: Comparison between a three-compartment
model and widely used methods.
J
Küpper, M Bartz, JW Schultink, W Lukito and P Deurenberg
Body composition was assessed in Indonesian male (n = 18) and
female (n = 23) students using densitometry (underwater weighing),
deuterium oxide dilution, skinfold thickness measurements, bioelectrical
impedance analysis (BIA) and a prediction equation based on the body
mass index. From body density and total body water percentage body
fat (BF%) was calculated using a three-compartment body composition
model. Percentage body fat obtained by this three-compartment model
was regarded as the reference value and BF% obtained by the single
methods were compared with this value. Mean differences (± SD) in
BF% from the three-compartment model minus the single methods were
1.1 ± 2.1 for densitometry, +1.1 ± 1.6 for deuterium oxide dilution,
+1.3 ± 2.8 for skinfold thickness measurement, +2.8 ± 4.3 for BIA
and +3.4 ± 4.8 for body rated health and activities of daily living
among a group of free-living elderly Guatemalan subjects aged >=
60 years. A total of 198 subjects (61 men and 137 women) living in
a suburban community participated in the study. Males had higher values
for height, weight, and waist-hip ratio, while females had larger
skinfolds and higher values for body fat indicators. Most subjects
rated themselves in 'good' or 'fair' health and this corresponded
well with high scores on a multi-item scale of activities of daily
living scores and 'acceptable' weight according to Garrow's classification
for BMI. Results presented here may be useful in highlighting diversity
in human ageing across cultures while contributing to establishing
reference values for anthropometric indicators in similar populations.
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Mid-upper-arm
circumference development and its validity in assessment of undernutrition.
Le
Thi Hop, R Gross, S Sastroamidjojo, Tu Giay and W Schultink
As part of a prospective, longitudinal study that was
carried out in Hanoi, Vietnam (as from 1981), mid-upper-arm circumference
(MUAC) measurements, and the weight and height of children were taken
from children for the first year of life. These measurements were
recorded monthly, 1236 months: 3-monthly, 3672 months: 6-monthly
and yearly for children beyond 72 months. The aim of this study was
to observe development of MUAC of children on a longitudinal basis.
Mid-upper-arm circumference increases by about 1 cm for boys and 1.5
cm for girls between 1 and 5 years. To recognise malnutrition, the
cut-off level of MUAC 13.5 cm gave high values for sensitivity and
specificity only for children aged 612 months. The cut-off levels
of 14.0, 14.5 and 15.0 cm were more appropriate for children aged
1324, 2536 and 3760 months. These results suggest that a single
cut-off point of MUAC 13.5 cm cannot be used in screening moderate
malnutrition for all children under age 5 but should be elevated with
the increasing age of children.
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Body
composition as a predictor of blood pressure in three communities
in Guangdong province, China.
Karin T Idema, Bridget H-H Hsu-Hage, Yi-He Li, Mark
L Wahlqvist, Xuxu Rao, Kui Zhang, Tie Han Kuang, Dao Lin Zhang and
Zong Rong Dai
The aim of this study was to compare mean blood pressure (BP), anthropometric
and body compositional measurements in three Chinese communities and
to examine relationships between BP and body composition in these
communities. A total of 935 adult (aged >= 25 years) men and women
were randomly sampled from three communities (Chauzhou County speaking
Teochew, Meixian County speaking Hakka, and Xinhui speaking Cantonese)
in Guangdong Province, China. Self-administered questionnaires about
food habits, lifestyle and health status were completed. Body weight,
stature, waist and hip circumferences and systolic and diastolic blood
pressures were measured. Body mass index, waist to hip ratio, fat
free mass, total body fat mass and the percentage body fat were calculated
to assess body composition. No significant differences were found
in stature, body mass index, umbilical circumference, hip circumference,
fat free mass, percentage body fat and defined hypertension between
the three communities. However, the waist to hip ratio was lower in
Chauzhou men than Meixian women. The mean BPs were different between
the communities and mean blood pressure was the highest in the Chauzhou
community. Intra-community non-parametric relations between BP and
body composition were found mostly in men with increased total and
abdominal fatness positively related to BP. The relationships of the
aggregate communities with blood pressure were found consistent with
those for intra-community analyses, although the body fatnessblood
pressure relationship was then evident without exception. Anthropometrically
assessed body composition predicts BP in Chinese men, but to a lesser
extent, in Chinese women in Guangdong Province, China.
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Relationship
between fatty acid compositions and taurine concentration in breast
milk from Chinese rural mothers.
Yang Cha Lee-Kim, Taesun Park, Eun Jung Chung, Young
Sook Um, Sian Lei, Mingyan Xiang and Tong Li
Long chain
*3 and *6 fatty acids and taurine have been suggested to have structural
and/or functional roles in the brain. In this study the levels of
fatty acids and taurine in breast milk and their correlations were
investigated in 46 lactating women from an area 100 km north-east
of Beijing, China. The subjects consisted of two groups: group 1 was
2247 days postpartum and group 2 was 75106 days postpartum. Fatty
acids and taurine in breast milk were measured by gas-liquid chromatography
and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The relative
compositions of long chain *6 and *3 fatty acids decreased significantly
(20:3 *6, 20:4 *6, 22:4 *6, 22:5 *6 and 22:6 *3; all P <
0.01) in the course of lactation, while long chain saturated (20:0,
22:0) and monounsaturated (20:1, 22:1) fatty acids tended to increase.
The ratio of *6/*3 fatty acids in breast milk fat appeared to be higher
(12.3 ± 4.3 for group 1, and 16.5 ± 7.4 for group 2) than the desired
range of 410. Breast milk taurine concentrations from Chinese rural
mothers were 186 ± 48 nmol/mL and 157 ± 65 nmol/mL for groups 1 and
2, respectively. A significantly inverse relationship was observed
between breast milk taurine concentration and the ratio of arachidonic
acid *6 to docosahexaenoic acid *3 (r = 0.323, P =
0.028). Further studies on the physiological function(s) of taurine
as an antioxidant and as a neurotransmitter are worth pursuing in
relation to the balance of long chain *6 and *3 fatty acids, especially
as regards its role in retina and brain development.
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Anti-HIV
activity of alkaline extract from pine seed shells (Pinus koraiensis).
Masatoshi Nakano, Yoshiko Itoh, Toshiaki Mizuno and
Hideki Nakashima
The alkaline extracts from pine seed shells (Pinus koraiensis)
suppressed the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced cytopathicity
using HIV (HTLV-III) infected MT-4 cells in vitro, and showed
extremely low cytotoxicity. The active substances were acid polysaccharides
containing uronic acids. No animal died and no harmful effect was
observed at a concentration of 1.05 g per kg body weight. We also
studied the clinical effects of alkaline extracts on the protection
of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection. Protection against
infection by FIV was achieved by oral administration of the alkaline
extracts with usual food.
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Nutritional
and pulmonary function assessment in chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease: Effects of nutritional supplementation.
JR Lambert, E Tai, B Strauss, L Blackwell, N Manolitsas,
S Marks, R Bainbridge, D Stroud and ML Wahlqvist
We found that with oral supplementation by a liquid soy-based protein
hydrolysate in malnourished COPD patients (BMI ¾ 20), it possible
to increase weight over a 6-week period, and body water and an index
of muscle mass (MAMC), but not total body nitrogen (TBN judged by
Nitrogen Index) which identifies a particular challenge for nutrition
support in COPD patients. There was no associated improvement in pulmonary
function but we found that better nourished COPD patients (BMI >
20) had some pulmonary function advantage; it is suggested that TBN
may need to improve with nutrition support for pulmonary function
to improve.
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The
ILSI SEA Regional Forum and Workshop on recommended dietary allowances:
Scientific basis and future directions
Rodolfo
F Florentino
Recommended dietary allowances (RDAs) are widely accepted standards
for nutrient (energy, protein and micronutrient) intakes. However,
they may differ depending on food culture, age and gender. In times
of economic transition, demographic change and cultural diversification,
RDAs require review. This has recently been done for the South Eastern
countries of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand,
Vietnam and Brunei. The complementary concepts of NOAEL (no observed
adverse effect level) and LOAEL (lowest observed adverse effect level)
were also considered of particular moment as were discussions about
micronutrient requirements in the affluent diet which predisposes
to CNCD (chronic non-communicable diseases), and the value of harmonization
where possible for purposes of regional education and trade.
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