Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 9, issue 1,
2000
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Abstract |
Paper
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Nutritional status and food security
in Sub-Saharan Africa: Predictions for 2020
NELIA P STEYN, ALEXANDER RP WALKER
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):1-6.
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Food
and nutrient intakes and overall survival of elderly Japanese
IRENE DARMADI, YOSHIMITSU HORIE, MARK L WAHLQVIST, ANTIGONE KOURIS-BLAZOS,
KAZUYO HORIE, KIMIKO SUGASE, NAIYANA WATTANAPENPAIBOON
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):7-11.
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Dietary
habits, food consumption and nutrient intake among the Sugali,
a tribal population of Andhra Pradesh, India
PANDILLA PALLI YADU BHUSHANA REDDY, ALAHARI PAPA
RAO MSC
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):12-17.
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Selected
micronutrient intake and status in men with differing meat intakes,
vegetarians and vegans
DUO LI, ANDREW J SINCLAIR, NEIL J MANN, ALAN TURNER, MADELEINE
J BALL
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):18-23.
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Consumers'
concerns about food and health in Australia and New Zealand
ANTHONY WORSLEY, VICTORIA SCOTT
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):24-32.
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Iodine
status of pregnant women in Lae
BETTY AMOA, LYDIA RUBIANG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):33-35.
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Acute
effects of acarbose on post-prandial glucose and triglycerides
in type 2 diabetics following intake of different Malaysian foods
HAPIZAH MOHD NAWAWI, TENGKU NORITA YAZID, FARIDAH ISMAIL, B ABDUL
KADIR KHALID
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):41-45.
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Cardiovascular
risk factors in elderly Koreans in Australia and Korea
ROSEMARY M RICHMAN, MARGARET BERMINGHAM, JAE-RYUNG KO, DEEPIKA
MAHAJAN, KATHERINE S STEINBECK, IAN D CATERSON
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):46-52.
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Urban
and rural differences in dietary intake, weight status and nutrition
knowledge of black female students
NELIA P STEYN, MARJANNE SENEKAL, SANET BRTIS, JOHANNA NEL
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(1):53-59. |
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Nutritional
status and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa: Predictions for 2020
NELIA P STEYN, ALEXANDER RP WALKER
The subject
of the future regarding nutritional status and food security, and
of their ramifications in terms of nutrition-related disorders/diseases
in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations, is a complex one. As well
as social unrest, a country's socioeconomic situation may affect food
availability and, crucially, influence the generally low proportions
of the Gross National Product devoted to health services. Additional
determinants include changes in the roles of non-dietary adverse factors
(i.e. smoking practice, alcohol consumption, physical inactivity)
and of infections (i.e. gastroenteritis, malaria, tuberculosis and,
particularly, HIV). As to future health in 2020, major increases in
socioeconomic status are very unlikely; in fact, there has been a
deterioration in some countries with food shortages affecting nutrition
status and food security. However, with some measures of prosperity
there are likely to be decreases in family size and falls in the proportions
of children born with low birthweights or with protein-energy-malnutrition
(PEM), and of children lying under the 5th percentile of growth reference
standards. Simultaneously, though. there will be variable rises, especially
in urban dwellers, in the occurrence of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular
disease and certain cancers. Improvements in the health status of
both children and adults are likely to be strongly affected by whether
HIV infection can be controlled or whether it becomes rampant.
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Food
and nutrient intakes and overall survival of elderly Japanese
IRENE DARMADI, YOSHIMITSU HORIE, MARK L WAHLQVIST, ANTIGONE KOURIS-BLAZOS,
KAZUYO HORIE, KIMIKO SUGASE, NAIYANA WATTANAPENPAIBOON
As
part of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) Food
Habits in Later Life Project, a group of 89 free-living Japanese aged
70 years and over (43 men and 46 women) residing in semiurban Okazaki,
located in the middle of Honshu Island in Japan, were studied. They
were followed up in order to determine whether nutrition plays a role
in Japanese longevity. Information on food and nutrient intake was
collected at study entry. During 55 months follow-up, eight men and
five women died. The consumption of various food groups, after adjustment
for energy intake to 10.5 MJ for men and 8.4 MJ for women, was similar
for survivors and deceased, but there was a greater consumption of
mushrooms and fats and oils among the survivors (P< 0.05). Furthermore,
survivors had a higher intake of total n-3 fatty acids, especially
alpha-linolenic acid, compared with the deceased (P< 0.05). Subjects
who were not chronically energy deficient (BMI 18.5 kg/m 2) showed
a better survival probability with a higher intake of total n-3 fatty
acids ( 2.1 g/day, 25th percentile). A similar result for total n-3
fatty acids and alpha-linolenic acid was found using Cox proportional
hazards analyses adjusted for age, gender and smoking status (P<
0.05). After adjustment for bodyweight, the conditionally essential
amino acid tyrosine was higher in women who survived (P< 0.05).
These findings suggest that the intake of n-3 fatty acids and of certain
amino acids might be particularly important in elderly people for
living longer.
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Dietary
habits, food consumption and nutrient intake among the Sugali, a tribal
population of Andhra Pradesh, India
PANDILLA PALLI YADU BHUSHANA REDDY, ALAHARI PAPA RAO
In
this study an attempt has been made to know the food consumption and
dietary intake of Sugalis, the largest tribal population of Andhra
Pradesh, India. The sample consisted of 492 males and 474 females
(drawn from 200 families) in the age group of 1-60 years. The 24-h
recall diet survey revealed that the mean consumption of different
foodstuffs by different age groups compared to the RDA was grossly
inadequate. During preschool ages, Sugali boys and girls showed larger
deficiencies in their nutrient intakes. Inadequacy in protein and
calories (P-C) is high both among males (47.0%) and females (41.6%).
Caloric deficiency (C-) is higher in Sugali males (66.9%) and females
(59.3%) than is protein deficiency (P-), which is 48.2% in males and
43.5% in females.
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Selected
micronutrient intake and status in men with differing meat intakes,
vegetarians and vegans
DUO LI, ANDREW J SINCLAIR, NEIL J MANN, ALAN TURNER, MADELEINE J BALL
Dietary factors play a critical role in human health. The aim of this
cross-sectional study was to examine micronutrient intake and status
of subjects who were habitual meat eaters eating different quantities
of meat with those who were habitual vegetarians or vegans. One hundred
and thirty-nine healthy male subjects (vegan, n = 18; ovolacto-vegetarian,
n = 46; moderate meat-eater, n = 65; and high meat-eater, n = 18)
aged 20-55 years were recruited in metropolitan Melbourne. Each volunteer
completed a semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and
gave a fasting venous blood sample. Dietary sodium/potassium ratio
was significantly lower and vitamin C, fibre and iron intakes were
higher in vegetarians than in meat-eaters. High meat-eaters had a
significantly higher calcium, retinol and zinc intake than did the
other three dietary groups; moderate meat-eaters had the lowest mean
intake of fibre, vitamin C and -carotene. Vegans had a significantly
higher -carotene intake than did the other groups. Serum ferritin
and vitamin B12 levels, and haemoglobin concentration were significantly
lower in vegetarians than in meat-eaters. Vegans had a significantly
higher serum folate concentration than did ovolacto-vegetarian and
moderate meat-eater groups. There was no significant difference in
serum -tocopherol concentration. There are differences between the
four diet groups that have potential to affect the subjects' health
and susceptibility to chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease
and cancer. Based on the present data, high meat-eaters may particularly
benefit from altering their dietary pattern to reduce their sodium
and saturated fat intake, and moderate meat-eaters from increasing
their fibre and antioxidant consumption. Vegetarians, especially vegans,
may need to increase their vitamin B12 and zinc intakes.
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Consumers'
concerns about food and health in Australia and New Zealand
ANTHONY WORSLEY, VICTORIA SCOTT
Three studies were conducted in Australia and New Zealand to examine
consumers' ratings of food and health concerns, the influence of sociodemographic
factors on them, and the interrelationships between perceived concerns.
Similar results were found in both countries. Principal-components
analyses yielded several factors that suggested consumers in both
countries perceived food and health issues along several key dimensions.
These were related to concerns about food safety, food system issues,
health, the environment and animal and human welfare. Generally, women
expressed more concern than did men about most issues, while young
people and highly educated people expressed least concern. These differences
suggest that familiarity, perceived control and personal resources
may have some influence on expressed concerns. However, other psychological
influences remain to be identified since only small amounts of variance
in the key dimensions were explained by the demographic variables.
Comparisons of the rankings of the issues in the two New Zealand studies,
administered 2 years apart, showed that they were very similar ( =
0.91, P< 0.0001) despite the use of different response scale wording.
This supports the view that the population's evaluation of food issues
may be enduring and suggests they are relatively independent of differences
in elicitation questions.
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Iodine
status of pregnant women in Lae
BETTY AMOA, LYDIA RUBIANG
Many
areas in Papua New Guinea are regarded as endemic for iodine deficiency
disorders (IDD). Salt iodization to combat IDD has been a policy of
the government since 1973. Its effectiveness in many areas of the
country has, however, not been assessed. The iodine status of pregnant
women is an indicator of the iodine status of the community. This
study was conducted in order to assess the effectiveness of the salt
iodization program in Lae. Urine samples from a total of 120 pregnant
mothers attending antenatal clinics in different areas in Lae were
analysed for iodine content. It was found that 15% of the mothers
had urinary iodine values below 10 g/dL, 11.7% between 5 and 9.9 g/dL,
0.83% between 2 and 4.9 g/dL and 2.5% below 2 g/dL. This indicates
that IDD is still a problem in Lae and most certainly in other parts
of the country. There is a need for proper monitoring of the iodine
content of salt sold in the country and also for strengthening the
whole IDD intervention program.
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Acute
effects of acarbose on post-prandial glucose and triglycerides in
type 2 diabetics following intake of different Malaysian foods
HAPIZAH MOHD NAWAWI, TENGKU NORITA YAZID, FARIDAH ISMAIL, B ABDUL
KADIR KHALID
Acarbose inhibits intestinal alpha-glucosidases resulting in diminished
and delayed postprandial hyperglycaemia (PPH). Studies on effects
of acarbose on postprandial lipaemia (PPL) have been inconclusive.
Little is known about the effects of acarbose on PPH and PPL following
intake of a polysaccharide diet. We studied 30 type 2 diabetic patients
on dietary and/or oral hypoglycaemic agent(s). Thirty patients were
recruited for food A (nasi lemak), 28 for food B (mee goreng) and
28 for food C (roti telur), which represent the typical diets of the
three main races in Malaysia. Serial blood samples were taken at 15
min before and up to 240 min after each food intake, without acarbose.
Subsequently, three doses of 50 mg acarbose were given orally and
the same procedure was repeated the following day. There were significantly
lower mean increments in plasma glucose levels after compared to before
acarbose treatment 30, 45 and 60 min for food A and at 30, 45, 60,
120, 180 and 240 min for food C, but no significant difference was
noted for food B. There was a significantly lower mean fasting glucose
level after compared with before acarbose treatment following intake
of food A and C but not food B. Short-term treatment with acarbose
caused significant diminished and delayed PPH response with food A
and C but not with food B. Acarbose was more effective in reducing
PPH response in polysaccharide foods with a higher and earlier postprandial
glucose peak than in those with a lower and lagged peak. There were
no significant differences in the mean fasting or postprandial triglyceride
levels before and after acarbose treatment, following intake of all
three foods for up to 4 hours. Depending on the food absorption pattern,
overnight low dose treatment with acarbose leads to diminished fasting
and peak plasma glucose levels, and delayed PPH but insignificant
reduction in postprandial lipaemia in poorly controlled type 2 diabetics
following intake of racially different Malaysian food.
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Cardiovascular
risk factors in elderly Koreans in Australia and Korea
ROSEMARY M RICHMAN, MARGARET BERMINGHAM, JAE-RYUNG KO, DEEPIKA MAHAJAN,
KATHERINE S STEINBECK, IAN D CATERSON
Koreans
are a recent but relatively small ethnic minority group in Australia.
This descriptive cross-sectional, comparative intercountry study examines
the effect of Australian acculturation among elderly Koreans on cardiovascular
disease (CVD) risk factors, compared with their counterparts in Korea.
Fifty-one (72.4 ± 8.7 years) Australian Koreans (AK) and 48
(75.7 ± 6.9 years) Koreans (K) living in Seoul participated
in the study. Diabetes was reported by 10.2% of AK and 17.4% of K
and hypertension by 38.8 and 29.8% of AK and K, respectively. Significantly,
more AK (85.7%) than K (53.2%) reported undertaking physical activity
(P = 0.0005) and fewer AK were current smokers (6%vs 26.1%; P = 0.0077).
After controlling for age, body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio
no differences were found in lipid profiles between AK and K men or
women. The effect of acculturation may be reflected among Australian
Koreans by increased physical activity and reduced smoking levels
and increased levels of abdominal obesity.
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Urban
and rural differences in dietary intake, weight status and nutrition
knowledge of black female students
NELIA
P STEYN, MARJANNE SENEKAL, SANET BRTIS, JOHANNA NEL
The objective of this study was to examine dietary intake, weight
status and nutrition knowledge of young black South African women
in order to identify urban-rural differences. A group of 115 black
female students attending a first-year pre-registration program at
the University of the North participated in the study. A quantified
food frequency questionnaire was used to gather data on each student's
diet prior to entering the university. Height, weight, waist and hip
measurements were taken, and body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip
ratio (WHR) were calculated for each participant. Each student also
completed a nutrition knowledge test (NKT). Mean dietary intakes were
generally comparable to the recommended dietary allowances (RDA),
with the exception of calcium, zinc and iron, which were lower. Urban
women consumed significantly more sugar (65.8 vs 52.2 g) and confectionery
(290.4 vs 183.7 g), and significantly less legumes (6.3 vs 18.9 g),
than did rural women. The prevalence of overweight (BM1 25) was high
in urban (22.7%) and rural (22.9%) women and WHR was significantly
greater (P = 0.0003) in rural women (0.76) compared with urban ones
(0.73). Nutrition knowledge test scores were poor (mean = 40.7%) and
no urban-rural differences were found. There was a positive correlation
between NKT and energy, protein, carbohydrate, fibre, calcium, zinc,
thiamin, niacin, and folate intakes.
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Updated: September 2004
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