Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 8, issue 1,
1999
|
Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
|
|
Asia
Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society 1999 Award.
KALIDAS SHETTY
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):1. |
|
|
|
Nutrition
and cardiovascular disease.
Mark L Wahlqvist
and Fabien S Dalais
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):2-3.
|
html |
|
|
Serum
concentrations of antioxidant nutrients in healthy American, Chinese
and Korean adults.
Kyung-Jin Yeum,
Yang Cha Lee-Kim, Shunshi Zhu, Shudong Xiao, Joel Mason and Robert
M Russell
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):4-8. |
html |
|
|
Iodine
deficiency disorders in the Maldives: A public health problem
CS Pandav,
M Rasheed, I Solih, M Saeed, M Shaheed, A Awal, K Anand and
| R Shreshta
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):9-12. |
html |
|
|
Factors
associated with coverage of iodine deficiency disorders by control
programs in an endemic area in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
M Masrul,
V Chongsuvivatwong and AF Geater
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):13-18. |
html |
|
|
Nutritional
profile of patients with chronic pancreatitis. Namrata
Singh, Yogendra Kumar Joshi, MAMS, Anoop Saraya and
Rakesh
Kumar Tandon
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):19-23.
|
html |
|
|
The
nutritional value of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Sarawak
Voon Boon
Hoe and Kueh Hong Siong
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):24-31. |
html |
|
|
Acute
effects of five Ghanaian carbohydrate diets on serum glucose,
triglyceride and insulin in NIDDM.
IKE Quaye, LA Brakohiakpa, GAB Amoah, N Ayi-Ankrah
and Y Kido
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):32-35. |
html |
|
|
Iron
and vitamin C content of commonly consumed foods in Vietnam.
Bui Minh Duc, Debbie Humphries, Le Thi Bach Mai,
Ha Anh Dao, Trinh Minh Co, Huynh Hong Nga, Phan Thi
Kim
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):36-38. |
html |
|
|
Decisional
balance and stage of change in relation to weight loss, exercise
and dietary fat reduction among Pacific Islands people.
D Simmons and J Mesui
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):39-45. |
html |
|
|
The
effects of high-fat diet feeding over generations on body fat
accumulation associated with lipoprotein lipase and leptin in
rat adipose tissues.
Qing Wu, Yasuhiro Mizushima, Masahiko Komiya, Tatsuhiro
Matsuo and
Masashige Suzuki
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):46-52. |
html |
|
|
Free
radicals, antioxidants and international nutrition
Okezie I Aruoma
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):53-63. |
html |
|
|
Oxalate
content of foods and its effect on humans.
SC Noonan and GP Savage
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):64-74. |
html |
|
|
The
global epidemic of obesity.
TP Gill, VJ Antipatis and WPT James
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):75-81. |
html |
|
|
Gestational
diabetes mellitus and its complications
Bridget H-H
Hsu-Hage and Xilin Yang
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(1):82-89. |
html |
|
top
Nutrition
and cardiovascular disease.
Mark L Wahlqvist and Fabien S Dalais
see pdf file
top
Serum
concentrations of antioxidant nutrients in healthy American, Chinese
and Korean adults
Kyung-Jin
Yeum, Yang Cha Lee-Kim, Shunshi Zhu, Shudong Xiao, Joel Mason and
Robert M Russell
Population
variabilities of serum carotenoid and tocopherol levels using reverse-phase
HPLC in healthy American (Caucasian), Chinese and Korean adults were
determined. Considerable variation in serum nutrient concentrations
was found among these groups. The mean serum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin
was significantly higher in the Chinese than in the white Americans
(P < 0.001), whereas serum *-carotene and lycopene concentrations
were significantly higher in white Americans than in Chinese (P
< 0.001). Serum ß-carotene concentrations in Koreans were significantly
higher than in either white Americans or in Chinese. The mean serum
lycopene concentration in Koreans was lower than in Americans. The
mean serum retinol concentration was significantly higher in white
Americans than in Chinese or Koreans (P < 0.005). American
serum *-tocopherol concentrations were significantly higher (P
< 0.005) than those of the Chinese, whereas *-tocopherol values
were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the Chinese.
These differences probably reflect differences in dietary intakes
among these population groups.
top
Serum
concentrations of antioxidant nutrients in healthy American, Chinese
and Korean adults
Kyung-Jin
Yeum, Yang Cha Lee-Kim, Shunshi Zhu, Shudong Xiao, Joel Mason and
Robert M Russell
Population
variabilities of serum carotenoid and tocopherol levels using reverse-phase
HPLC in healthy American (Caucasian), Chinese and Korean adults were
determined. Considerable variation in serum nutrient concentrations
was found among these groups. The mean serum concentration of lutein/zeaxanthin
was significantly higher in the Chinese than in the white Americans
(P < 0.001), whereas serum *-carotene and lycopene concentrations
were significantly higher in white Americans than in Chinese (P
< 0.001). Serum ß-carotene concentrations in Koreans were significantly
higher than in either white Americans or in Chinese. The mean serum
lycopene concentration in Koreans was lower than in Americans. The
mean serum retinol concentration was significantly higher in white
Americans than in Chinese or Koreans (P < 0.005). American
serum *-tocopherol concentrations were significantly higher (P
< 0.005) than those of the Chinese, whereas *-tocopherol values
were significantly lower (P < 0.001) than those of the Chinese.
These differences probably reflect differences in dietary intakes
among these population groups.
.
top
Iodine
deficiency disorders in the Maldives: A public health problem
CS Pandav,
M Rasheed, I Solih, M Saeed, M Shaheed, A Awal, K Anand and R Shreshta
Because the Maldives is a country of islands it has been assumed,
until now, that iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are not a public
health problem. However, no systematic scientific survey has been
carried out to assess the status of IDD in the Maldives. This study
represents the first IDD survey by the Government of the Republic
of Maldives in association with UNICEF Maldives. Undertaken during
June and July 1995, the survey adopted the EPI 30 Cluster sampling
technique, as recommended by the Joint WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD Consultation.
Based on population proportion to size, a total of 30 clusters were
chosen from sampling frames of all 200 islands. A total of 30 schools
and 2834 children aged 612 years were surveyed. The total goitre
rate was 23.6%, with grade 1 goitre contributing 22.5% of this figure.
The prevalence of goitre was greater in girls (26.6%) than in boys
(20.7%). The median urinary iodine level was 6.7 µg/dL and 65.5% of
children had urinary iodine levels below 10 µg/dL. It is evident from
this survey that IDD is a public health problem in the Maldives. Hence,
efforts to control IDD should be instituted. The most common method
of iodine supplementation is iodised salt. As tested in a non-representative
sample of 39 salt samples, only 8% of salt had adequate iodine levels
of approximately 15 p.p.m. Because all the atolls are affected there
is a need to introduce universal salt iodization in the country.
top
Factors
associated with coverage of iodine deficiency disorders by control
programs in an endemic area in West Sumatra, Indonesia.
M
Masrul, V Chongsuvivatwong and AF Geater
In order to ascertain the coverage and to identify factors determining
the success of an iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) control program
in West Sumatra, Indonesia, a cross-sectional study among 495 school
children aged 615 years in a subdistrict of an endemic goitre
area was conducted. Coverage of iodine capsule distribution was 27%.
Forty-eight percent of the households used iodized salt with an appropriate
concentration (>= 40 p.p.m.). Factors associated with not taking
idodine capsules among children were: mother's lack of knowledge about
the iodine capsule (OR 13.3, 95% CI 7.424.1) and mother's education
level (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.053.39). For unsatisfactory use of iodized
salt in a household, the only predictor was family monthly income.
Odds ratios and 95% CI for moderate and high family income were 2.42
(1.394.21) and 2.22 (1.43.54), respectively. We concluded
that for coverage in an IDD control program, supplementation and fortification
alone were not enough. Education had an impact on coverage of the
supplementation. Furthermore, iodization of salt needs further improvement
in relation to quality control. Finally, the program neglected high-income
groups. These pitfalls should be corrected.
top
Nutritional
profile of patients with chronic pancreatitis
Namrata Singh, Yogendra Kumar Joshi, MAMS, Anoop Saraya and Rakesh
Kumar Tandon
The
nutritional status of patients with chronic pancreatitis was assessed
in 76 consecutive patients (63 males, mean age 35 ± 10 years; 13 females,
mean age 40 ± 16 years) attending the pancreas clinic of a tertiary
care hospital in India. A food frequency questionnaire was used to
elicit information regarding dietary intake of food items. Nutrient
intake was calculated using the 24 h recall method on a subsample
of 20 patients. Anthropometric measurements were taken and haemoglobin
and serum albumin were estimated. Thirty patients (45%) had made dietary
modifications after they were diagnosed as having chronic pancreatitis.
These changes in diet included a decrease in fat, spices and/or quantity
of food consumed. Analysis of the qualitative data revealed that the
majority of patients were taking wheat, lentils, vegetables, fruits,
milk, curd, sugar and oils on a daily basis. The mean energy intake
was 1750 ± 375 kcal in males and 1180 ± 246 kcal in females, which
turned out to be 37% lower than the Recommended Dietary Allowances
(RDA), both in males and females. Alhough most patients (86%) were
in the normal range of Body Mass Index (BMI), 67% of the patients
reported weight loss after onset of the disease. Biochemical parameters
studied were in the normal range: haemoglobin 12.26 ± 1.99 gm% and
albumin 4.05 ± 0.89 g/100 mL. We concluded that in patients with chronic
pancreatitis, malnutrition occurs mainly due to a low intake of calories
and protein as a result of dietary modification for symptomatic relief
and pancreatic insufficiency. However, nutritional parameters such
as haemoglobin and serum albumin are fairly well maintained.
top
The
nutritional value of indigenous fruits and vegetables in Sarawak
Voon
Boon Hoe and Kueh Hong Siong
The
proximate composition including mineral and vitamin contents of 16
fruits and 46 vegetables (leaves, fruits, palm hearts and shoots)
of indigenous origin in Sarawak are provided. Fruits like dabai (Canarium
odontophyllum), kembayau (Dacryodes rostrata f. cuspidata),
durian nyekak (Durio kutejensis) and durian kuning (Durio
graveolens) are very nutritious with high values for energy, protein
and potassium. Among the vegetables, the protein content of letup
(Passiflora foetida), kepayang (Pangium edule) and tubu
(Pycnarrhena tumetacta) is high, ranging from 6 to 7%. The range
of nutrients among foods of indigenous origin are generally comparable
with those of many cultivated species except for vitamin C, which
is lower. Teh Kampung (Leucosyke capitellata) leaves are particularly
high in magnesium (626 mg/100 g). Some of the indigenous vegetables
contain antinutritional factors. Kepayang has very high levels of
hydrogen cyanide (1834 µg/g on dry basis) but this poison can be completely
evaporated by boiling. Indigenous fruits and vegetables which are
pesticide residue free are important food sources for rural populations.
Nutritious indigenous fruits and vegetables have the potential to
be promoted for wider use, domestication and commercialization.
top
Acute
effects of five Ghanaian carbohydrate diets on serum glucose, triglyceride
and insulin in NIDDM
IKE
Quaye, LA Brakohiakpa, GAB Amoah, N Ayi-Ankrah and Y Kido
Glycemic
indices have been used to predict useful carbohydrate sources of food
for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabeties mellitus (NIDDM)
on dietary management programs. The present study has revealed that
glycemic indices alone are not adequate predictors of useful carbohydrate
meal sources. We observed for the first time that glycemic indexes
inversely correlate with triglyceride indices. In our test mixed meals
varying in five Ghanaian carbohydrate food types for nine non-insulin
dependent diabetics, the correlation between glycemic and triglyceride
indices was (r = 0.63; P = 0.005). The atherogenic
potential of triglyceride makes a critical review of the sole use
of glycemic indices as useful carbohydrate predictors necessary. We
also observed that unripened big plantains (a staple Ghanaian food)
could be a useful carbohydrate source for NIDDM patients.
top
Iron
and vitamin C content of commonly consumed foods in Vietnam.
Bui Minh Duc, Debbie Humphries, Le
Thi Bach Mai, Ha Anh Dao, Trinh Minh Co, Huynh Hong Nga,
Phan Thi Kim
The iron and vitamin C content of water spinach and rice samples from
three sites in Vietnam were chemically analysed. The iron content
of home-milled rice from Nghe An was higher than the iron content
of machine-milled rice from Thai Binh and Hanoi. In addition, the
iron content of cooked rice was lower than that of uncooked rice as
iron was removed during the washing and rinsing of the rice prior
to cooking. Cooked rice that was washed and rinsed less thoroughly
had a higher iron content. The iron content of water spinach from
different locations was very similar, although white water spinach
had a much higher vitamin C content than red water spinach.
top
Decisional
balance and stage of change in relation to weight loss, exercise and
dietary fat reduction among Pacific Islands people.
D
Simmons and J Mesui
It has been postulated that changes in lifestyle follow
five 'stages of change', which reflect a 'decisional balance' between
the advantages and disadvantages of making such a change. We have
assessed this model among Pacific Islands people in New Zealand. We
questioned 105 Pacific Islands volunteers to identify their decisional
balance for their reduction in dietary fat intake (DFI), weight control
(WC) and the adoption of regular exercise habits (REH). Answers were
used to develop a closed questionnaire, which was completed by a second
group of 195 Pacific Islands volunteers. The major reported advantages
were good health (45%) and increased physical attractiveness (41%)
for WC; disease prevention (70%) for DFI; and increased fitness (71%)
for REH. The major reported disadvantages were losing too much weight
(40%) for WC; eating fatty foods was enjoyable (50%) for DFI; and
the time required (47%) for REH. Major differences in responses were
found by age, sex, Islands group and educational status. The derived
decisional balance questions related to the stage of change with advantages
outweighing disadvantages for those in the maintenance/action phases
and the converse for those in the precontemplative phase. The use
of this model will be helpful in evaluating long-term programs aimed
at the primary prevention of non-insulin-dependent diabetes through
lifestyle change.
top
The
effects of high-fat diet feeding over generations on body fat accumulation
associated with lipoprotein lipase and leptin in rat adipose tissues
Qing Wu, Yasuhiro Mizushima, Masahiko Komiya, Tatsuhiro Matsuo and
Masashige Suzuki
The effects of high-fat diet feeding over generations on body fat
accumulation were studied in rats. Male and female Sprague-Dawley
rats fed a high-fat (HF) diet or a low-fat (LF) diet were mated in
the same diet group at age 13 weeks, and the male pups (1st generation)
obtained were used in this experiment. The 1st generation rats were
nurtured by their own mothers (Experiment 1) or F344 foster mother
rats (chow-fed) during pregnancy (Experiment 3) and the suckling period
(Experiments 2 and 3). After weaning, rats with HF and LF dietary
histories were fed a purified diet for 1217 weeks. Body weights
and abdominal adipose tissue weights were greater in rats with HF
dietary histories than in those with LF dietary histories, even controlling
for environmental backgrounds related to the mother rats during pregnancy
and suckling periods. The levels of lipoprotein lipase and leptin
mRNA in the perirenal adipose tissue were higher in rats with HF dietary
histories. These results suggest that the effects on body fat accumulation
of HF diet feeding over generations are not only associated with environmental
factors but also with genetic factors. The obesogenous effects of
HF diet feeding over generations may be associated with lipoprotein
lipase and leptin gene expression on rat adipose tissues.
top
Free
radicals, antioxidants and international nutrition
Okezie I Aruoma
The oxidative
degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids is the primary factor in
limiting the shelf-life of most manufactured foods. Free radical mechanisms
are implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases and in the process
of ageing. This has led to the suggestion that antioxidants, and plant
diet-derived antioxidants in particular, might have health benefits
as prophylactic agents. Delineating the in vivo contribution
of plant extracts and/or plant-derived antioxidants (the pure active
principles in plant extracts with antioxidant indications) to the
modulation of the pathological consequences of oxidative stress in
the human body is complicated by the fact that antioxidant actions
may be achieved through more than one mechanism. The interest in the
health promoting qualities of plant foods may be ascribed to the observation
that various compounds present in these foods possess antioxidant
properties in vitro. From a food stability perspective, one
would be interested in the integrity of the food and the effects of
storage on the molecular components of the food. For humans, the emphasis
is on the importance of nutritional antioxidants in health and disease
management.
top
Oxalate
content of foods and its effect on humans
SC Noonan and GP Savage
Oxalic acid and its salts occur as end products of metabolism in a
number of plant tissues. When these plants are eaten they may have
an adverse effect because oxalates bind calcium and other minerals.
While oxalic acid is a normal end product of mammalian metabolism,
the consumption of additional oxalic acid may cause stone formation
in the urinary tract when the acid is excreted in the urine. Soaking
and cooking of foodstuffs high in oxalate will reduce the oxalate
content by leaching. The mean daily intake of oxalate in English diets
has been calculated to be 70150 mg, with tea appearing to contribute
the greatest proportion of oxalate in these diets; rhubarb, spinach
and beet are other common high oxalate-content foods. Vegetarians
who consume greater amounts of vegetables will have a higher intake
of oxalates, which may reduce calcium availability. This may be an
increased risk factor for women, who require greater amounts of calcium
in the diet. In humans, diets low in calcium and high in oxalates
are not recommended but the occasional consumption of high oxalate
foods as part of a nuritious diet does not pose any particular problem.
top
The
global epidemic of obesity
TP Gill, VJ Antipatis and WPT James
Obesity is at last being recognized as a major public health problem
of global significance. More quality national obesity prevalence data
are urgently needed but it is clear that rates are already high and
increasing in most parts of the world. Current estimates of the global
prevalence exceed 250 million. The first formal World Health Organization
Consultation on obesity concluded that the global epidemic is an unintended
consequence of modernization, economic development, urbanization and
other societal changes. These have led to widespread reductions in
spontaneous and work-related physical activity and to excessive consumption
of energy dense foods. Links between reduced growth in utero
and increased risk of ill health in later life may partly explain
why populations in many developing countries are especially susceptible
to obesity, diabetes and heart disease when exposed to modern sedentary
living. The International Obesity TaskForce has launched a global
initiative for coherent action to tackle the epidemic..
top
Gestational
diabetes mellitus and its complications
Bridget H-H Hsu-Hage
and Xilin Yang
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a new epidemic among Australian
women, especially those with Asian backgrounds. The 1998 Australia
National Diabetes Strategy and Implementation Plan recognises GDM
as an independent glucose metabolic disorder affecting sub-groups
of Australians. Gestational diabetes mellitus is an Australian national
diabetes priority area, along with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(IDDM) and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). This paper
reviews the many issues relating to GDM that continue to be debated
by researchers and clinical service providers. These issues include
the diagnosis of GDM, the effect of GDM on fetal outcomes, the long-term
health effects on the offspring of GDM mothers, the effect of GDM
on maternal outcomes and the long-term health effects on women with
a history of GDM.
top
Last
Updated: September 2004
HEC
PRESS Publisher
of the 
