1000
APJCN Vol5 No2 Sec3 Pt3
Abstracts:
Volume 5, Number 2, Section 3
II.
Nutrition, ethnicity and health, plenary lectures
Short communication.
Serum carotenoid
status in Caucasian Australians (with and without Pritikin diet),
and Japanese
Lo CS, Wahlqvist ML, Horie Y, Horie K, Bainbridge
R
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 124
Knowledge about carotenoid status in health and disease
has improved dramatically during the last few years. But little is
known about how such status varies with food culture or ethnicity.
In the present study we sought to assess the status of carotenoids
in those with disparate food cultures, Caucasian Australians (on a
usual or low fat Pritikin diet) and Japanese in Nagoya. The study
included 20 healthy Caucasian women and 10 Caucasian women on a Pritikin
diet from Melbourne and 20 healthy Japanese women from Nagoya, Japan.
Fasting blood was obtained for carotenoid analysis using HPLC. Serum
carotenoids are shown in Table 1. Japanese women had significantly
higher serum lutein (p<0.001), b-cryptoxanthin (p<0.001) and b-carotene (p<0.001) than did the Caucasian
women (on a usual or Pritikin diet). There was no significant difference
in serum lycopene or a-carotene between Japanese and Caucasians
(with and without Pritikin diet). Serum b-carotene concentration in Caucasians
on a usual diet was significantly higher than in Caucasians on a Pritikin
diet (p<0.001); fat intake may be critical for the bioavailability
of these carotenoids. These findings indicate that Japanese women
may have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease than Caucasian women
insofar as carotenoid status is concerned. The reasons for these differences
are not clear. The most likely possibility is that Caucasian and Japanese
women have different intakes of carotenoids. The second possibility
is that absorption differs, perhaps because of different fat intakes.
Thirdly, the catabolism or excretion of carotenoids may also be different
between Caucasian and Japanese women.
Table 1. The serum carotenoids of Caucasian
and Japanese women (with mean SEM) nmol/L.
| |
Caucasian Australians (n=20) |
Caucasian Australians on Pritikin
diet (n=10) |
Japanese (n=20) |
| Lutein |
29125 |
31745 |
87784** |
| b-crypthoxanthin |
15025 |
10949 |
33138** |
| Lycopene |
12315 |
6732 |
9311 |
| a- carotene |
416 |
314 |
486 |
| b-carotene |
40148 |
578** |
85563** |
| Total carotenoids |
1006 |
581 |
2204 |
n is the number of subjects. The mean SEM are shown. The significant
differences with reference to Caucasian Australians on a usual diet,
among Caucasian and Japanese are indicated by *p<0.01, **p<0.001.
Dietary intakes of Singaporean Chinese
Yap MPMA, Tan WL
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 124
A study was conducted in 1993 among Singaporean Chinese
adults aged 18 to 69 years to obtain the mean population intakes of
food energy and eleven nutrients. The data were obtained using a three-day
weighing and recording method. The mean intakes of energy, protein,
total fat, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, cholesterol, carbohydrate,
dietary fibre, iron, sodium, calcium and vitamin A were 1974kcal,
78g, 66.5g, 27.7g, 38.8g, 340mg, 263g, 13.9g, 13.9mg, 3546mg, 493mg
and 581g respectively. The percent of energy derived from protein,
fat and carbohydrate were 15.9%, 29.9% and 53.7% respectively, while
the P/S ratio was 0.49:1. For both men and women, the mean intakes
for protein, cholesterol and sodium were higher than the mean RDAs
for Singaporeans while those for energy, fat, carbohydrate, dietary
fibre and vitamin A were less than the mean RDAs. For women, the mean
intakes of iron and calcium were also lower than their mean RDAs.
The high intakes of cholesterol and sodium and low intakes of dietary
fibre and vitamin A, combined with the low P/S ratio could contribute
to the high prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases, especially
heart disease in Singapore.
Findings from the study will be used as a baseline
to monitor the intakes of Singaporeans towards the achievement of
the national dietary targets set in 1991. Appropriate intervention
programmes for the general population and specific high risk groups
have commenced using a multi-pronged approach.
Cardiovascular risk factors in three communities of southern Chinese
Liu XQ, Cheng PF, Yuan YH, Deng ML, Dai ZR, Kuang
TH, Zhang DL, Hsu-Hage BH-H, Wahlqvist ML
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 125
Obesity and anomalous serum lipids are known as the
major risk fa 1000 ctors for cardiovascular disease. The main factors
for cardiovascular disease were measured on base surveys of three
sub-ethnic distinctive community populations in Guangdong Province
in 1989. Men and women (935) aged 25 years and over, were randomly
sampled from three areas of Chaozhou, Meixian and Xinhui. A standard
protocol was used to measure blood pressure, body weight, height,
waist and hip circumferences. The laboratory was standardised for
analyses of serum lipids by Centers of Disease Control (CDC), USA
Serum total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol
(HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were measured after a 12-hour fast.
After adjusting for age, men and women in Chaozhou had the highest
TC, TG, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and systolic and
diastolic blood pressure levels (all P < 0.05), while Xinhui adults
had the lowest mean levels of all the corresponding variables. Mean
levels of body mass index (BMI), waist to hip circumference ratio
(WHR), TC, TG, HDL-C, LDL-C, systolic and diastolic blood pressure
of the three communities which were calculated as the main cardiovascular
risk factors were 21 kg/m2, 0.827, 6.05 mmol/L, 1.28 mmol/L,
1.33 mmol/L, 4.15 mmol/L, 118.6 mmHg and 77.9 mmHg respectively. There
were no significant differences in WHR among men, HDL-C among women
and BMI both in men and women between communities.
This study indicates that there are differences in
blood pressure and serum lipids in these three sub-ethnic communities.
The results may be due to the differences in socio-economic factors,
dietary habit, heredity and education, which should be further investigated.
The emphasis in policies for the prevention of cardiovascular disease
in Chaozhou people is needed.
Cardiovascular disease risk profile in adult Chinese living in North
Jakarta, Indonesia
Kapantow NH, Rumawas JSP, Schultink JW, Hsu-Hage BH-H,
Wahlqvist ML
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 125
A cross sectional study of cardiovascular disease
risk profile was carried out in North Jakarta, Indonesia. One hundred
and six Chinese individuals (47 men and 59 women), aged 25 years and
over, were recruited to collect baseline information. There was a
high prevalence of overweight/obesity and hypertension, citing WHO
criteria, especially in men (32.6% and 48.8%, respectively). The prevalence
of "current smoker" was 12.2% for men and 3.9% for women.
The prevalence of hyperlipidaemia (cholesterol 5.5, and/or triglycerides
2.0) was 14.6% of men and 9.6% of women. Mean values of BMI, WHR,
and blood pressure were significantly higher in men than in women.
Body fatness and blood pressure in women were significantly increased
with age. In women, total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were positively
associated with BMI, while triglyceride was associated with WHR. These
findings suggest Chinese Indonesian women have more favourable cardiovascular
risk profiles than men and, that age is likely to be an important
determinant for women.
Cardiovascular disease risk factors among Indian subjects living
in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Maniam T, Rumawas JSP, Schultink WJ, Khor GL
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 125
Several reports have shown that migrants from the
Indian subcontinent have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease
when settled in their new country. A cross-sectional study 1000 was
carried out on coronary heart disease risk factors in a randomly selected
group of 75 Indian men and 75 Indian non-pregnant/non-lactating women
with ages ranging from 25 to 55 years old and living in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. Risk factors surveyed included hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia,
low HDL-cholesterol, high LDL-cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, increased
body mass index, increased waist-to-hip ratio and family history of
coronary heart disease. The prevalence of coronary heart disease risk
factors was higher in men than women. More than three risk factors
were present in 48% of men compared to 26.7% of women (P < 0.01;
2 = 7.29). Women were more sedentary than men (16% versus
5.3%). A higher prevalence of overweight was found in women (50.7%
for women and 44.4% for men). The prevalence of hypertension was similar
in both sexes. Cigarette smoking was observed among men only. Elevated
blood cholesterol levels and higher waist-to-hip ratio were found
in men than women. A higher prevalence of low HDL-cholesterol concentration
(< 35 mg/dl) was found in these subjects. The results also indicate
that for men, waist-to-hip ratio was a reasonable predictor of elevated
triglyceride level and decreased HDL-cholesterol. In contrast, body
mass index was associated with increased triglyceride level in women.
Cardiovascular disease risk factor prevalence in South Asian Melburnians
Ibiebele T, Hsu-Hage BH-H, Wahlqvist ML
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 126
Objective. To assess cardiovascular
disease (CVD) risk factor prevalence South Asians residing in Melbourne.
Design. A population-based cross-sectional
study of a representative sample of 530 people of South Asian (Indian,
Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan) ancestry, aged 25 years and over.
Subjects were systematically selected from a sampling frame generated
by the Melbourne Telephone directory using a list of presumptive South
Asian surnames furnished by South Asian community organisations in
Melbourne.
Measurements. Measurements taken included:
blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin and blood lipids.
Anthropometric measurements, namely height, weight, waist and hip
circumferences, were also taken. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip
ratios were calculated. Data on some CVD risk factors such as smoking
were collected using questionnaires.
Results. In the population surveyed,
men and women differed significantly in their presentation of established
CVD risk factors. Comparisons of prevalence (%) of selected risk factors
between men and women are shown in the table.
A higher level of HDL cholesterol was observed in
women, while higher levels of total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides
and serum glucose were observed in men. No significant difference
was observed in BMI (24.92.9 for men and 24.83.9 for women). Distribution
of risk factors by age groups in both males and females showed that
those aged 34-45 years appeared to have the highest prevalence of
most of the risk factors except for self-reported NIDDM, which was
more prevalent in those over 55 years in both males and females. The
prevalence of NIDDM in this population is comparable to that observed
in other studies of South Asians.
Conclusion. The South Asian males
in Melbourne show a higher prevalence of the CVD risk factors hypertension,
cigarette smoking and blood lipids, whil 1000 e the females show a
higher prevalence of abdominal fatness.
| |
Men |
Women |
| Combined high cholesterol (6.5 mmol/L) and triglyceride
(2.0 mmol/L) |
11.0 |
4.3** |
| Hypertension |
22.1 |
15.6 |
| Non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) |
10.3 |
12.0 |
| General obesity |
5.1 |
9.4* |
| Abdominal obesity |
45.4 |
65.9**** |
| Smoking |
40.3 |
4.3**** |
*, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ****, P <
0.0001.
Plasma lipids
and dietary habits of Malaysian Indian subjects living in Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Maniam T, Rumawas JSP, Schultink WJ, Khor GL
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 126
This study aimed to determine whether the high rates
of coronary heart disease in Indians living in Malaysia could be presumptively
linked to effects of food composition on blood lipids. We studied
the diet and consumption of clarified butter (ghee) in relation to
the lipid profile of adult Indians living in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Plasma lipids, glucose and anthropometric measurements were determined
in 75 men and 75 non-pregnant/non-lactating women aged 25 to 55 years.
A food frequency questionnaire was used to assess food intake over
one year. Rice was the staple and consumed daily. The main sources
of protein were fish, chicken and eggs, with meat eaten rarely. Both
males and females were unlikely to eat fruits. The frequent consumption
of peanuts among women could be protective against coronary heart
disease. Total blood cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol concentrations
were higher in subjects from households using ghee in cooking. The
consumption of the traditional Indian diet thosai was significantly
associated with total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels in men.
The chutney which is eaten with thosai and contains
plenty of grated coconut may contribute to the high cholesterol level
in the subjects who eat thosai frequently.
The use of bitter buckwheat and konjac in weight reduction
in obese patients with diabetes
Yang P
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 126
Bitter buckwheat is produced in the hill region of
Szechuan Province, China, and has been used in traditional medicine
for those with diabetes. Konjac is a wild plant, a tuber, and has
been used as food, in the form of vermicelli or as a jelly sheet.
These foods are rich in dietary fibre and possibly useful in weight
reductio 1000 n.
Ten diabetic patients with hyperlipidaemia, age 3945,
were studied. Their body weights were 1020% above the desirable range
and the average blood glucose level was 11.9 mmol/L. Five patients
were given a bitter buckwheat diet, in the form of vermicelli, steamed
bread, or roasted cakes, for 821 days; about 200g/d of buckwheat flour
was ingested. Five patients were given a konjac diet, in the form
of vermicelli; about 20-30 g/d. All drug therapy was suspended.
Mean serum cholesterol levels in four cases fed bitter
buckwheat flour, decreased from 7.2 to 6.6 mmol/L; serum triglyceride
decreased in one case only from 1.9 to 1.8 mmol/L. In the group fed
konjac, mean serum cholesterol decreased from 6.8 to 6.6 mmol/L, and
mean serum triglyceride decreased from 1.9 to 1.8 mmol/L in two patients
only. The blood glucose decreased to near normal.
The average weight reduction in the ten cases was
1.5 kg. The patients felt full after eating either diet and no side
effects such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, bloating or increased
bowel movement were observed.
The effect
of yogurt supplementation
on the nutritional status of undernourished pre-operative colorectal
cancer patients
Siagian CM, Rumawas JSP, Rahayuningsih S, Pusponegoro
AD
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 127
Colorectal cancer patients often have anorexia, nausea
and vomiting due to diagnostic procedures and therapeutic side effects
leading to inadequate food intake and undernutrition as well as increased
energy requirements and metabolic disorders. Improvement in nutritional
status prior to an operation leads to a better pre and post operative
prognosis. Yogurt, a fermented milk, is easily digested and easily
absorbed. Furthermore yogurt is highly nutritious and well intolerated.
Transferrin is a sensitive parameter for assessing changes in protein
nutritional status. To improve the nutritional status of colorectal
cancer patients, an intervention study was carried out on hospitalised
pre-operative and undernourished colorectal cancer patients, for whom
3x160g yogurt plus 3x20g sugar was provided as a food supplement daily
for 7 days. Anthropometric and laboratory assessments were performed
at the commencement and the end of the study. There was a high prevalence
of undernutrition among hospitalised colorectal cancer patients (74%).
Significant increases in body weight and serum transferrin (P <
0.05) were observed after 7 days intervention. This finding suggests
that yogurt can improve the nutritional status of colorectal cancer
patients.
Nutritional risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) in 186 elderly
patients in hospital
Liu D-L
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 127
Coronary arteriosclerosis is an important cause of
death in the elderly in China. For this reason, a nutrition survey
was conducted in 186 elderly patients admitted during December 1992
- February 1994 to provide better prevention and treatment.
Body composition: height was 167.1 7.1 cm,
body weight was 68.5 10.9 kg. Fifty-two subjects had weights 10-19%
higher than standard weights and their mean body fat content was 21.6
5.1%. Forty-seven subjects had weights 20-29% higher than the standard
an 1000 d their mean body fat content was 25.7 4.7%. Eleven subjects
had a weight 30% or higher than the standard weights and their mean
body fat content was 28.6 3.8%.
Laboratory examination: haemoglobin, total
cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) were 157.8 20.9 g/L, 5.2 1.3
mmol/L and 1.7 0.8 mmol/L respectively.
Food intake: A high fat diet is thought to
contribute to obesity which is an important cause of coronary arteriosclerosis.
In this population, for those with CHD, saturated and monounsaturated
fatty acid intakes were high while polyunsaturated fatty acids were
low. An -3 fatty acid rich diet can decrease the TC/HDLC (high density
lipoprotein cholesterol) ratio in plasma. Polyunsaturated fatty acids,
especially -3, may prevent heart rhythm disorders caused by ischaemia
through a change in components of the cardial membrane and raise the
threshold for ventricular fibrillation.
Dietary fibre intakes were also relatively low in
CHD patients. Dietary fibre is hydrophilic in the intestine, and combines
with ions and bile salts to decrease the absorption of fat. Fibre
also decreases the ratio of Zn/Cu which may help prevent cardiovascular
disease. In diets to prevent cardiovascular disease, it is appropriate
to supply at least 1015g dietary fibre in diet and many would say
20-30g from a variety of sources. Not only can blood lipids be optimised
by diet, but tissue morphology and metabolic events favourably influenced.
Dietary intake and body composition in an urban elderly population
in Beijing, China
Wang Y, Roe DA*
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 127
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate
the relationships among dietary food and nutrient intakes, anthropometric
characteristics and socioeconomic factors in an urban Chinese elderly
population in Beijing, China. A total of 305 elderly individuals participated
in the study with a mean age of 67.5 years.
The mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.1 3.7 and 24.8
4.7 kg/cm2 for males and females, respectively. About 40%
of males and 38% of females had a BMI above 24 and below 27.9 kg/cm2
whereas 17% of both males and females had a BMI over 28 kg/cm2.
BMI was negatively correlated with age, so that 80% of overweight
individuals were younger than 75 years of age. However, body weight
and triceps skin fold were negatively correlated with age in females
only. Individuals with the highest BMI quartile (BMI > 27.3) had
a significantly higher intake of meat compared with subjects in the
lower BMI quartile groups (P < 0.05). BMI was positively associated
with dietary intake of energy and protein (Ps < 0.05), and inversely
associated with age and physical activity (Ps < 0.05) in multiple
regression analysis. Moreover, BMI was positively associated with
an individual's education level and household income (Ps < 0.05)
in the study population.
* Deceased
The dietary
survey of urban and rural inhabitants of Tianjin, China
Tian HG
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 128
A dietary survey was carried out to assess food patterns
and nutrition profiles among the 15-64 year old Chinese population
of Tianjin.
Design: A randomised survey, with diet assessed
by household food weighing plus consecutive individual three-day food
records.
Setting: Tianjin, one of the three largest
cities in China, includes urban and rural districts.
Subjects: A random stratified multi-level cluster
sampling technique was used in the survey. Of the 5233 eligible subjects,
207 dropped out, giving a response rate of 96%.
Results: Distinct difference in dietary patterns
and nutrient intakes were found between subjects living in urban and
rural areas. The diet of urban people was richer in fat and high quality
protein compared with that of rural people. The percentage of energy
intake from fat was about 31% in the urban diet and about 21% in the
rural diet. Low intakes of vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and zinc
were found in both areas, with the situation being worse in the rural
areas. Sodium intake was found to be high in both areas. Cholesterol
intake was much higher among the urban people.
Conclusion: The present survey revealed that
the intake of some nutrients was lower than those recommended and
that total sodium intake was very high. The study suggests that an
integrated nutrition intervention is needed taking account food habits
and urban-rural differences in food supply, education and economics.
A longitudinal
dietary questionnaire study of urban and rural area residents in Tianjin
Wang D-S
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 128
A longitudinal observation of three years duration
on the nutritional status of urban and rural area residents in Tianjin
(from 1986 to 1988) demonstrated substantial dietary change; animal
foodstuff intake increased notably. Energy and protein intakes reached
recommended allowances for essential nutrients, and some nutrients
exceeded the Asian and world mean intakes. Grain was still the main
part of the diet with animal foodstuff a secondary part. Dietary intakes
of both calcium and vitamin B2 reached 50% of the recommended
intakes.
A simple
and quick method to evaluate the influence of food price policy on
population nutrition and nutrition intervention
Yang XL, Tian HG
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition (1996)
Volume 5, Number 2: 128
Food Price Policy has a strong influence on a population's
food choice and nutrition status, especially for low income families.
Therefore, it is valuable to have a simple and quick method to evaluate
its influence. Embracing the principles of nutritional rationality
and economical feasibility, a mathematical model was established by
means of Linear Programming to appraise the influence on and the rationality
of the valorisation of particular foodstuffs eggs and pork, in Tianjin.
The 1990 data on food variety and price were used. It was found that
a subsidy policy would not achieve improvement in the nutritional
status of low income families. However, the concept of a "food
choice space" has prospects for nutrition intervention. The conclusion
is that this method can be used to judge the nutritional effect of
food price policies and provide base line data of nutrition intervention.
Copyright © 1996 [Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical
Nutrition]. All rights reserved.
Revised:
January 19, 1999
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