|
|
1000
Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr (1995) 4: 265-269
Asia Pacific J Clin Nutr (1995) 4: 265-269
The effects of McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut meals on recommended diets
Nasseem M Malouf, PhD, APD, Stephen Colagiuri,
FRACP
Diabetes Centre, Prince of Wales,
Sydney, Australia
The objective was to study the effect
of three common takeaway meals on recommended healthy diets. New
South Wales Department of Health recommended diets of 5020, 6275,
9205 and 12,540 kilojoules were used. An evening meal from each
of these diets was substituted with one of three common fast food
chain takeaway meals 1, 2, 3 and 5 times per week. The 3 takeaway
meals were from McDonalds, Pizza Hut and Kentucky Fried Chicken.
The effects of each of these meals on average daily kilojoule, fibre,
fat, P/S ratio, protein and carbohydrate intakes were assessed.
The takeaway meals were high in fat and kilojoules
and low in fibre and therefore contravened the Dietary Guidelines
for Australians. Addition of these meals increased average kilojoule
consumption and the percentage energy contribution of fat and decreased
the P/S ratio and fibre intake. The magnitude of these deleterious
effects was directly proportional to the number of times the meals
were included each week and inversely proportional to the energy
content of the diet. The adverse effects were greatest with the
McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken meals.
Takeaway meals may be convenient but the meals which
were tested were too high in fat and kilojoules and too low in fibre
to be a regular part of a balanced diet. Even one takeaway meal
per week adversely affects the lower kilojoule recommended healthy
diets.
Introduction:
Compared with recommended dietary guidelines, the
Australian diet is high in fat, low in complex carbohydrate and low
in fibre1,2. The Dietary Guidelines for Australians3
encourage eating less fat, particularly saturated fat, eating more
complex carbohydrate, more dietary fibre and controlling body weight.
Social changes over the past 30 years have resulted
in an increasing proportion of meals being prepared and eaten outside
the home with a 1987 survey showing that Australians spent 28-33%
of their food budget on such activities. In recent years, this growth
has been most evident in the fast food image chains of which three
of the most popular are McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza
Hut. The number of fast food chain outlets tripled from 398 in 1978
to 1161 in 1987 and accounted for 11% of the money spent on food eaten
away from home in the early Eighties1. A survey of 290
adolescents in 1981 showed that 31% ate more than 1 takeaway evening
meal per week4 and it is likely that there has been a further
increas 1000 e in the consumption of takeaway foods in the past decade.
Composite analyses of these takeaway foods indicate that they are
generally high in fat, particularly saturated fat, high in kilojoules
and low in fibre5,6,7,8.
The potential influence of takeaway foods on the overall
health of Australians has not been ascertained. The purpose of this
study was to determine the effect of three common takeaway meals on
recommended healthy diets.
| Methods:
New South Wales (NSW) Department of Health Diets9
(5020, 6275, 9205, 12,540 kilojoules (kJ)) were analysed by
Homescan10, a computer dietary analysis programme
which uses NUTTAB database, the 1990 Nutrition Composition Tables
of the Commonwealth Department of Health.
Three takeaway meals, one from each of McDonalds,
Kentucky Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut were studied. The composition
of the selected meals is shown in Table 1.
|
Table 1. Takeaway meals studied
|
McDonalds
|
Kentucky Fried Chicken
|
Pizza Hut
|
|
1 Big Mac
1 Large Fries (130g)
Regular Thick Shake (325g)
|
2 Piece Box:
-1 Drumstick (50g)
-1 Thigh (85g)
1 Small Coleslaw (100g)
1 Small Chips (115g)
1 Pepsi (1 can)
|
3/4 Pizza (Regular Supreme)
1/2 Garlic Bread (49g)
1 Pepsi (1 can)
|
|
| The evening meal from
each of the four Department of Health recommended diets was replaced
by each of the takeaway meals one, two, three and five times per
week. The effect of the substitution of these takeaway meals for
the recommended evening meal was calculated. The revised diet
incorporating the takeaway meal(s) was reanalysed using Homescan.
The total effect for the week was calculated and then the effect
on the daily average intake of protein, fat, carbohydrate, fibre,
P/S ratio and kilojoules was derived.
Results:
A sample daily menu for the NSW Department of
Health 6275 kJ diet is shown in Table 2 and the analysis of
the nutrient content of the four diets is shown in Table 3.
The nutrient analysis of the takeaway meals
is shown in Table 4. All meals were high in kilojoules ranging
from 4084kJ for Kentucky Fried Chicken to 5292kJ for McDonalds.
The McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken meals were high in
fat (42.8% and 47.9% of total 1000 kJ respectively) and low
in carbohydrate (41% and 38.3% of total kJ respectively). The
Pizza Hut meal more closely resembled the recommended dietary
guidelines although the kilojoule content was also high at 4516kJ.
All 3 meals had an unfavourable P/S ratio ranging from 0.35
for McDonalds to 0.55 for Kentucky Fried Chicken.
Including these 3 takeaway meals in the recommended
diets increased total daily kilojoules and qualitatively changed
the nutrient composition of the diet. The effects on the 5020
and 12,540kJ diets are shown in Tables 5, 6 and 7. All three
takeaway meals resulted in an increased energy and fat intake
and decreased the P/S ratio. The effect on energy intake was
similar for the 3 meals. However the magnitude of this effect
was dependent on the total kilojoule content of the recommended
diets. Two McDonalds meals per week increased the kilojoule
content of the 5020kJ diet by 23.7% but only increased the 12,540kJ
diet by 4.5%. In absolute amounts any two takeaway meals (McDonalds,
Kentucky Fried Chicken or Pizza Hut) per week resulted in an
average daily increase of nearly 940kJ and 395kJ for the 5020
and 12,540kJ diets respectively. Five takeaway meals per week
increased average daily kilojoule intake by 2365 for the 5020kJ
diet and 980 for the 12,540kJ diet.
The McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken meals
had a greater effect in increasing fat intake compared with
the Pizza Hut meal. The McDonalds meal had the most deleterious
effect on the P/S ratio. The Pizza Hut meal increased percent
carbohydrate content of both the 5020 and the 12,540kJ diets.
The other 2 meals (McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken) decreased
carbohydrate in the 5020kJ diet and increased carbohydrate in
the 12,540kJ diet, however the overall effects were small and
none significantly altered the carbohydrate contribution from
the recommended range. Fibre content was reduced below recommended
levels by the McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken meals for
the 5020kJ diet but the effect on the 12,540kJ diet was negligible.
No data were available for the fibre content of the Pizza Hut
meal.
The above effects were seen at all levels of
inclusion of the takeaway meals although the effects were proportional
to the number of times each week that the takeaways were included
as part of the diet. Even one takeaway meal a week adversely
affected the daily composition of the diet averaged over the
week but the effect was dependent on total daily kilojoules
being most evident with the 5020 kJ diet and least with the
12,540kJ diet.
|
Table 2. Department of Health
Menu 6275 kJ diet
| (DA) Daily Allowance |
Milk |
450 ml
|
| |
Butter/ margarine |
15 g
|
| Breakfast |
Fruit |
1 portion
|
| |
Cereal |
1 portion
|
| |
Bread |
1 portion
|
| |
Milk |
From DA
|
| |
Butter/ margarine |
From DA
|
| |
Tea or coffee |
No sugar
|
| Morning Tea |
Bread, fruit,
biscuits |
1 portion
|
| |
Milk |
From DA
|
| |
Tea or coffee |
No sugar
|
| Lunch |
Lean meat- or
exchange |
30 g
|
| |
Vegetables or
salad |
1- 2 serves
|
| |
Bread |
2 portions
|
| |
Butter/ 1000 margarine |
From DA
|
| |
Fruit |
1 portion
|
| |
Milk |
From DA
|
| |
Tea or coffee |
No sugar
|
| Afternoon Tea |
Bread, fruit,
biscuits |
1 portion
|
| |
Milk |
From DA
|
| |
Tea or coffee |
No sugar
|
| Main Meal |
Lean meat (or
exchange) |
90 g
|
| |
Potato, rice or
pasta |
1 portion
|
| |
Vegetables and/
or salad |
2- 3 serves
|
| |
Fruit |
1 portion
|
| |
Bread |
1 portion
|
| |
Milk |
From DA
|
| |
Tea or coffee |
No sugar
|
| Supper |
Bread, fruit,
biscuits |
1 portion
|
| |
Milk |
From DA
|
| |
Tea or coffee |
No sugar
|
|
Table 3. Composition
of NSW Department of Health diets
| Nutrient |
5020kJ
|
6275 kJ
|
9205 kJ
|
12,540 kJ
|
| Carbohydrate Total
(g) |
156.7
|
200.0
|
281.3
|
357.3
|
| Complex Carbohydrate |
78.2
|
111.5
|
188.2
|
191.4
|
| Sugar |
78.5
|
88.7
|
93.1
|
165.9
|
| Protein (g) |
61.2
|
79.5
|
114.7
|
176.8
|
| Fat Total (g) |
29.8
|
44.2
|
74.7
|
102.6
|
| -Polyunsaturated |
10.0
|
9.4
|
19.2
|
26.3
|
| -Monounsaturated |
11.1
|
15.3
|
25.8
|
30.8
|
| -Saturated |
6.4
|
16.1
|
24.3
|
34.7
|
| Alcohol |
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
| Fibre (g) |
24.7
|
32.2
|
36.7
|
64.8
|
| Cholesterol (mg) |
161.4
|
215.4
|
312.6
|
350.0
|
| KiloJoules (kJ) |
4760
|
6160
|
9167
|
12795
|
| KiloCalories |
1139
|
1472
|
2191
|
3061
|
| Carbohydrate (%kJ) |
55.1
|
52.8
|
49.9
|
46.7
|
| Protein (%kJ) |
21.4
|
21.0
|
20.3
|
23.1
|
| Fat (%kJ) |
23.5
|
26.2
|
29.8
|
30.2
|
|
Table 4. Nutrient analysis
of the takeaway meals
| Nutrient |
McDonalds
|
Pizza Hut
|
KFC
|
| Carbohydrate Total
(g) |
133.5
|
143
|
95.6
|
| Complex Carbohydrate |
73.7
|
99
|
41.6
|
| Sugar |
59.8
|
44
|
54.0
|
| Protein (g) |
52.2
|
49
|
34.5
|
| Fat Total (g) |
61.7
|
34.5
|
53.2
|
| -Polyunsaturated |
9.4
|
5.4
|
9.7
|
| -Monounsaturated |
21.9
|
13.4
|
23.2
|
| -Saturated |
27.0
|
13.6
|
17.6
|
| Alcohol |
0
|
0
|
0
|
| Fibre (g) |
4.8
|
*
|
7.3
|
| Cholesterol (mg) |
128.2
|
37.2
|
154.7
|
| KiloJoules (kJ) |
5292
|
4516
|
4084
|
| KiloCalories |
1265
|
1079
|
976
|
| Carbohydrate (%kJ) |
41
|
53.1
|
38.3
|
| Protein (%kJ) |
16.2
|
18.1
|
13.8
|
| Fat (%kJ) |
42.8
|
28.8
|
47.9
|
| P/S Ratio |
0.35
|
0.40
|
0.55
|
*No data available for fibre content of Pizza
Hut meal
|
Table 5. Average
daily effect of the McDonalds meal on the 5020 and 12,540 kJ diets
| 5020 kJ |
Baseline
|
Takeaways per week
|
| Diet |
Diet
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
| kJ |
4760
|
5325
(+11.9)
|
5890
(+23.7)
|
6455
(+35.6)
|
7580
(+59.3)
|
| Fat (g) |
29.8
|
37.5
|
45.3
|
53.0
|
68.5
|
| Fat (%)* |
23.5
|
26.5
(+12.8)
|
28.9
(+23)
|
30.9
(+31.5)
|
33.0
(+42.6)
|
| P/S Ratio |
1.56
|
1.13
(-27.6)
|
0.93
(-40.4)
|
0.80
(-48.7)
|
0.67
(-57.1)
|
| CHO*#(%) |
55.1
|
53.7
(-2.5)
|
52.5
(-4.7)
|
51.7
(-6.2)
|
50.2
(-8.9)
|
| Fibre (g) |
24.7
|
24.0
(-2.8)
|
23.2
(-6.1)
|
22.5
(-8.9)
|
21.0
(-15)
|
| 12,540 kJ diet |
| kJ |
12,795
|
13,085
(+2.3)
|
13,376
(+4.5)
|
13,670
(+6.8)
|
14,255
(+11.4)
|
| Fat (g) |
102.6
|
108
|
113
|
118
|
128
|
| Fat (%)* |
30.2
|
31.0
(+2.6)
|
31.8
(+5.3)
|
1000
32.5
(+7.6)
|
33.8
(+11.9)
|
| P/S Ratio |
0.76
|
0.73
(-3.9)
|
0.69
(-9.2)
|
0.67
(-11.8)
|
0.64
(-15.8)
|
| CHO*#.(%) |
46.7
|
46.9
(+0.4)
|
47.0
(+0.6)
|
47.1
(+0.9)
|
47.3
(+1.3)
|
| Fibre (g) |
64.8
|
63.2
(-2.2)
|
62.0
(-4.3)
|
60.6
(-6.5)
|
57.8
(-10.8)
|
|
Table 6. Average daily effect
of the Kentucky Fried Chicken meal on the 5020 and 12,540 kJ diets
| 5020 kJ |
Baseline
|
Takeaways per week
|
| Diet |
Diet
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
| kJ |
4760
|
5150
(+8.2)
|
5540
(+16.4)
|
5930
(+24.6)
|
6710
(+41.0)
|
| Fat (g) |
29.8
|
36.3
|
42.9
|
49.4
|
62.5
|
| Fat (%)* |
22.8
|
26.5
(+12.8)
|
29.1
(+23.8)
|
31.3
(+33.2)
|
35.1
(+49.4)
|
| P/S Ratio |
1.56
|
1.32
(-15.4)
|
1.17
(-25)
|
1.07
( 1000 -31.4)
|
0.95
(-39.1)
|
| CHO*#(%) |
55.1
|
53.8
(-2.4)
|
52.6
(-4.5)
|
51.6
(-6.4)
|
50.0
(-9.3)
|
| Fibre (g) |
24.7
|
24.3
(-1.6)
|
23.9
(-3.2)
|
23.6
(-4.5)
|
22.8
(-7.7)
|
| 12,540 kJ diet |
| kJ |
12,795
|
12910
(+1)
|
13035
(+1.9)
|
13150
(+2.8)
|
13385
(+4.6)
|
| Fat (g) |
102.6
|
106.5
|
110.4
|
114
|
122
1000 |
| Fat (%)* |
30.2
|
31.0
(+2.6)
|
31.9
(+5.6)
|
32.6
(+7.9)
|
34.3
(+13.6)
|
| P/S Ratio |
0.76
|
0.75
(-1.3)
|
0.75
(-1.3)
|
0.74
(-2.6)
|
0.74
(-2.6
|
| CHO*#.(%) |
46.8
|
46.9
(0.2)
|
46.8
(0)
|
46.9
(0.2)
|
47.1
(+.06)
|
| Fibre (g) |
64.8
|
63.7
(-1.7)
|
62.7
(-3.2)
|
61.5
(-5.1)
|
59.4
(-8.3)
|
|
1000
| Discussion
The Australian diet is high in fat and sugar and low in fibre
and complex carbohydrate1. The diets tested in this
study are recommended by the NSW Department of Health9
and comply with Dietary Guidelines for Australians3
being low in fat (less than 30% of total kilojoules), high in
fibre (at least 25g/ day) and high in complex carbohydrates
(approximately 50% of total kilojoules).
Americans now eat one of every three meals outside
the home and in 1991 spent 40 billion dollars in fast food outlets11.
Similarly, Australians in 1987 spent 30% of the food budget
on food eaten away from home1. An increasing proportion
of this is being spent on fast foods from image chain outlets.
Reasons for this include: increasing numbers of takeaway outlets,
marketing of family entertainment, low priced meals, heavy advertising
and sponsoring of sporting events.
The takeaway meals studied (Table 1) were selected
because they were reported by the respective food chains to
be their most common meal packages sold. These meals are energy
dense containing 4084 to 5292kJ (Table 4) while the evening
meals from the recommended diets contained only 1345kJ for the
5020kJ diet up to 3240kJ for the 12,540kJ diet. Replacing the
evening meal of the recommended diets (5020, 6275, 9205 and
12,540kJ) twice a week with the takeaway meals increased daily
kilojoule intake by an average 730kJ. This would theoretically
translate into an average weight gain of 8.8kg a year if not
offset by extra exercise. In a population where overweightness
and obesity are prevalent both in adults and adolescents12,13,
eating high kilojoule takeaway foods will only accentuate the
problem.
The McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken meals
are high in fat (42.8% and 47.9% of total kilojoules respectively)
and both exceed the recommendation of reducing fat to less than
30% of total kilojoules. The Pizza Hut meal more closely approximated
dietary guidelines with a fat content of 28.7%. However, all
were high in saturated fat and had an unfavourable P/ S ratio
ranging from 0.35 to 0.55. In Australia, a cholesterol of greater
than 5.5 mmol/ l is found in 47% of men and 39% of women between
the ages of 20 to 69 and hyperlipidaemia is already prevalent
in 7 to 15 year old children12,13. Eating takeaway
meals is not conducive to curtailing this problem.
|
Table 7. Average daily effect
of the Pizza Hut meal on the 5020 and 12,540 kilojoule diets
| 5020 kJ |
Baseline
|
Takeaways per week
|
| Diet |
Diet
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
5
|
| kJ |
4760
|
5215
(+9.5)
|
5670
(+19.1)
|
6120
(+28.5)
|
7090
(+48.9)
|
| Fat (g) |
29.8
|
33.7
|
37.6
|
41.4
|
49.2
|
| Fat (%)* |
22.8
|
24.3
(+3.4)
|
25.0
(+6.4)
|
25.5
(+8.5)
|
26.1
(+11.1)
|
| P/S Ratio |
1.56
|
1.34
(-14.1)
|
1.18
(-24.4)
|
1.06
(-32.1)
|
0.95
( 1000 -41.7)
|
| CHO*#(%) |
55.1
|
55.2
(+0.2)
|
55.4
(0.5)
|
55.5
(+0.7)
|
55.7
(+1.1)
|
| 12,540 kJ diet |
| kJ |
12,795
|
12975
(+1.4)
|
13155
(+2.8)
|
13335
(+4.2)
|
13690
(+7.0)
|
| Fat (g) |
102.6
|
103.8
|
105
|
106.1
|
108.5
|
| Fat (%)* |
30.2
|
30.1
(-0.3)
|
30.0
(-0.7)
|
29.9
(-1.0)
|
29.7
(-1.7)
|
| P/S Ratio |
0.76
1000 |
0.75
(-1.3)
|
0.74
(-2.5)
|
0.73
(-3.9)
|
0.71
(-6.6)
|
| CHO*#.(%) |
46.7
|
47.5
(+1.7)
|
48.2
(+3.2)
|
48.8
(+4.5)
|
50.1
(+7.3)
|
Results in tables 5,6,7 are expressed in absolute
numbers and percent change are indicated in brackets.
* Percent contribution to total energy
in the diet # CHO refers to carbohydrate. No data available
for fibre content of Pizza Hut meal.
|
The average Australian presently consumes 19-23 grams
of fibre a day2 and it is recommended that this be increased
to a minimum of 25 grams. Both the McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken
meals have a relatively low fibre content (4.8 and 7.3g respectively)
and resulted in a reduction below recommended levels for the 5020kJ
diet. While fibre content was reduced with other diets, absolute quantities
did not fall below recommended amounts.
Although there is a general adverse effect of including
these takeaway foods in the diet, the magnitude of the effect is dependent
on the frequency with which the meals are eaten and the total energy
of the diet. It is possible for a person who is consuming 12,540kJ
per day to substitute 3 evening meals with any of the 3 takeaway meals
each week without contravening recommended dietary guidelines. There
is, however, one proviso. In this analysis, the takeaway meals were
substituted as part of the recommended balanced Department of Health
diets, which conform to the Australian Dietary Guidelines. Few Australians,
however, conform with these guidelines. The addition of the takeaway
meals on the average Australian diet would be expected to have adverse
effects significantly beyond those demonstrated in this study.
The results of the analyses on fat, kilojoule and
fibre performed in this study are applicable to other meals from these
fast food outlets since burgers from McDonalds, pizzas from Pizza
Hut or fried chicken from Kentucky Fried Chicken contain the same
basic ingredients and utilise the same cooking methods. For example,
the fat content of McDonalds burgers ranges from 47 to 55% of total
kilojoules6, chicken from Kentucky Fried Chicken from 52
to 64% 8 and Pizza Hut pizzas from 29-35% 7.
It is possible for people with adequate dietary knowledge
to select meals from th 1000 ese outlets with less deleterious effects
on dietary recommendations. Having half of a Regular Thin Pizza (the
filling does not matter) with a large salad (no dressing) and a Diet
Pepsi from Pizza Hut provides 1750kJ. A Kentucky Fried Chicken meal
of "Chicken N’Salad" (1/4 BBQ bird, stuffing and a
small coleslaw) plus mashed potato provides 2190kJ. These carefully
selected meals compare favourably, at least in total kilojoules, to
evening meals from the recommended diets which ranged from 1345kJ
in the 5020kJ diet to 3240kJ in the 12,540kJ diet. However, these
takeaway meals remain higher in saturated fat and lower in fibre content.
Our findings indicate that even one of any of these
takeaway meals eaten per week can adversely affect the recommended
diet especially in those people on a low daily kilojoule diet. Of
the fast foods tested, the Pizza Hut meal is the preferred choice
since these meals have the lowest fat content and the least deleterious
effects on recommended daily nutrient intakes.
Although the exact frequency of usage of takeaway
foods by different age groups remains uncertain, it is likely that
young Australians are the most frequent consumers. Eating takeaway
meals has become part of our society and there is a need to educate
consumers, particularly children and parents, about the effect of
takeaway foods and their judicious incorporation into the diet to
minimise adverse effects. In addition, food outlets could significantly
improve the nutrient content of their foods with relatively minor
changes including reducing the quantity of fat, cooking in vegetable
oils rather than animal fat, introducing salad bars and increasing
the fibre content of their breads. Such changes would result in fast
food outlets moving towards complying with health department dietary
recommendations.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for the help of Mrs Isabel Ghikas
for typing the manuscript.
The effects of McDonalds, Kentucky
Fried Chicken and Pizza Hut meals on recommended diets
Nasseem M Malouf PhD, RD; Stephen Colagiuri
FRACP
Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical
Nutrition (1995) Volume 4, Number 2: 265-269
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Copyright © 1995 [Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition]. All
rights reserved.
Revised:
January 19, 1999
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