Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 9, issue 2,
2000
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Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
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Asia
Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society 2000 Award
Akira Okada
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):61. |
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Serum fatty acids, lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein composition
of rural, suburban and urban populations in North Vietnam
NGUYEN THI MINH KIEU, ETSUKO YASUGI, DO THI KIM LIEN, NGUYEN
THI LAN ANH, TRAN THANH DO, HA HUY KHOI, TOSHIMI KIDO, KAZUO
KONDO, HIROSHIGE ITAKURA, NGUYEN VAN CHUYEN, SHIGERU YAMAMOTO,
MIEKO OSHIMA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):62-66.
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Concurrent
management of postprandial glycaemia and nutrient intake using
glycaemic glucose equivalents, food composition data and computer-assisted
meal design
JOHN A MONRO, MIKE WILLIAMS
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):67-73. |
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Faecal
bulking index: A physiological basis for dietary management of
bulk in the distal colon
JOHN A MONRO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):74-81. |
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Evaluation
of nutritional status among a group of young Chinese adults in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
NORIMAH KARIM, SW LEONG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):82-86. |
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Implications
of diet and nutrition for growth and prevalence of anaemia in
rural preschool-aged children in Shandong Province, China
ZAIMIN WANG, CARLA M PATTERSON, BRIAN OLDENBURG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):87-92.
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Prediction
of percentage body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance
in Singaporean and Beijing Chinese
PAUL DEURENBERG, MABEL DEURENBERG-YAP, JINGZHONG WANG, FU PO LIN,
GORDON SCHMIDT
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):93-98. |
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Assessment
of iodine deficiency disorders in Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh
UMESH KAPIL, JAI VIR SINGH, MONICA TANDON, PRIYALI PATHAK, CHARAN
SINGH, RAKESH YADAV
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):99-101. |
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Nutritional
and anthropometric assessment of a sample of pregnant women and
young children in Palau
REBECCA S POBOCIK, GM HEATHCOTE, JB SPIERS, CT OTTO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):102-114. |
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Nutritional
assessment of rural villages and estates in peninsular Malaysia:
Total blood cholesterol values in children, adolescents and adults
TONY NG KOCK WAI, KHOR GEOK LIN, TEE E SIONG, NORMAH HASHIM
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):115-121. |
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Food
intakes and habits of rural elderly Malays
SUZANA SHAHAR, JANE EARLAND, SURIAH A RAHMAN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):122-129. |
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Isolation
of Bifidobacteria infantis and its antagonistic activity against
ETEC 0157 and Salmonella typhimurium S-285 in weaning foods
ROKIAH MOHD YUSOF, FORMUZUL HAQUE, MAZNAH ISMAIL, ZAITON HASSAN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):130-135. |
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Garlic
exerts hepatoprotective effects during 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced
oral carcinogenesis in rats
SEETHARAMAN BALASENTHIL, SIDDAVARAM NAGINI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):136-138. |
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Bedside
monitoring of nutritional metabolism in the persistent vegetative
state
KAZUHIKO
KUDOH, HIDEO YAMADA, SHIGERU ISHIKAWA, YUMI NISHIMURA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):139-140. |
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Overview:
Dietary fat and atherosclerosis
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):141-145. |
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Lipids
and immunology
MICHIHIRO SUGANO, TAMIHO KOGA, KOGI YAMADA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2000;9(2):146-152. |
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Serum
fatty acids, lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein composition of rural,
suburban and urban populations in North Vietnam
NGUYEN THI MINH KIEU, ETSUKO YASUGI, DO THI KIM LIEN, NGUYEN THI LAN
ANH, TRAN THANH DO, HA HUY KHOI, TOSHIMI KIDO, KAZUO KONDO, HIROSHIGE
ITAKURA, NGUYEN VAN CHUYEN, SHIGERU YAMAMOTO, MIEKO OSHIMA
This study
was conducted to investigate the concentrations of serum fatty acids,
lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein of three populations in North Vietnam:
rural area with low income (n = 101), suburban with average income
(n = 97), and urban with high income (n = 95). The results showed
the suburban and urban populations had higher fat intake than the
rural. The fat intake in quality was different in these three populations.
The suburban had the highest consumption of fatty foods rich in n-6
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The rural consumed more fatty foods
rich in monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), but less fatty foods rich
in n-3 PUFA than the two other populations. The high index of thrombogenicity
(IT) of the Vietnamese diet may result from their low intake of fish
and vegetable oils. Risk factors for premature cardiovascular disease
(CVD) assessed by serum lipoprotein(a) and apolipoprotein levels were
not observed in all three populations. However, coronary heart disease
(CHD) and stroke are problems that should be monitored because the
increase of CVD morbidity has been reported in Vietnamese people.
From a nutritional point of view, the increase of fish and vegetable
oils consumption is necessary for the prevention of CVD and CHD in
these Vietnamese populations.
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Concurrent
management of postprandial glycaemia and nutrient intake using glycaemic
glucose equivalents, food composition data and computer-assisted meal
design
JOHN A MONRO, MIKE WILLIAMS
A
computer system, called SERVE-NZ Nutririon Management System, for
use in diabetes management, addresses the problem of concurrently
controlling postprandial glycaemic response and nutrient intake in
meals containing a number of foods, is described. It converts the
weight and relative glycaemic potency of each food to its content
of glycaemic glucose equivalents (GGE) - the amount of glucose theoretically
inducing the same blood glucose response as would the specified quantity
of food. Glycaemic glucose equivalents in a meal can be simply obtained
by adding the GGE content of all foods in the meal to give a figure
for the maximal glycaemic impact of the meal. Glycaemic glucose equivalents
may be calculated using food composition databases that include available
carbohydrate, common standard measure weights and glycaemic index
values. If GGE is treated as a nutrient, an output of the total nutrient
profile of a food or meal, and its glycaemic impact as GGE, can be
obtained simultaneously. Application of a nutritional software system
incorporating GGE values to management of glycaemic loadings and nutrient
intakes over five meals within a day is demonstrated. The system may
be a useful aid in self-management of glycaemia, as it will identify
quantities of foods that can be consumed without exceeding the predetermined
glucose tolerances of individuals. The graphical presentation of GGE
and nutrient composition of meals may be a useful visual aid in educating
clients with diabetes. The GGE values on food labels would provide
easily understood guidance, not obtained from glycaemic index values,
to the maximum number of items or quantity of a food that an individual
should eat at a time. In its present basic form the calculation of
GGE is most likely to slightly overestimate glycaemic impact, so it
presents a worst-case prediction.
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Faecal
bulking index: A physiological basis for dietary management of bulk
in the distal colon
JOHN A MONRO
Bulk
in the distal colon provides protection against a range of large bowel
disorders, but a simple standardized measure of the relative bulking
efficacy of foods, for use in dietary management of distal colonic
bulk, has not been available. This paper describes a faecal bulking
index (FBI) for standardized measurement of the relative colonic bulking
efficacy of foods relative to a reference material. Faecal bulking
index is defined as the mass of fully rehydrated faecal matter accumulated
by the distal colon per gram of a food consumed, as a percentage of
the matter accumulated from the same weight of a reference food. The
FBI of foods was measured after feeding adult rats at moderate levels
by partially or completely replacing sucrose in a baseline diet already
containing mixed dietary fiber. Faeces were collected, dried, weighed,
allowed to imbibe water until fully rehydrated, reweighed and their
mass and water holding capacity measured. The FBI was calculated as
the increase over baseline in rehydrated faecal mass induced by a
test food as a percentage of the increase due to wheat bran (reference).
The FBI values were measured for 69 diets including breakfast cereals,
breads and other bakery products, fruits, vegetables, food ingredients
and polysaccharides. Values for most foods ranged between almost zero
for some starch-based foods to about 50 for wheat bran-enriched breakfast
cereals, but laxatives based on fermentation-resistant hydrated polysaccharide
had FBI values well in excess of 100 (FBI for psyllium = 500). The
FBI values allow foods to be ranked according to their faecal bulking
efficacy on an equal edible weight basis. They can also be used to
calculate the bulking action of any amount of food in terms of equivalents
to a reference material such as wheat bran. Wheat bran equivalents
allow the cumulative intake of potential distal colonic bulk to be
monitored for single foods or mixed meals, and shortfalls to be quantified
for dietary modification or supplementation. Measures such as FBI
or wheat bran equivalents would prove more useful than dietary fiber
in controlling 'functional foods' promoted as effective bulking agents.
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Evaluation
of nutritional status among a group of young Chinese adults in Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia
NORIMAH KARIM, SW LEONG
A nutritional
status study was carried out among a group of young Chinese adults,
aged between 19 and 25, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Subjects comprised
108 young adults (55 women, 53 men) who were students at two institutes
of higher learning. Physical characteristics were evaluated by anthropometric
measurements while food intake was determined with a 3-day food record.
Blood cholesterol and triglyceride were assessed using the Reflotron
analyser. Birthweight was obtained from birth certificates or by proxy.
The results showed that the mean body mass index (BMI) for men and
women was 21.4 ± 3.3 and 20.0 ± 2.0, respectively, indicating
normal weight. Further analysis of BMI classification demonstrated
that 28% of men and 39% of women were underweight, 11% of men and
2% of women were overweight while 2% of men were obese. Mean waist-to-hip
ratio showed that the subjects had a low risk of developing cardiovascular
disease (0.72 ± 0.03 women; 0.81 ± 0.05 men). Mean energy
intake was 8841 ± 1756 kJ per day for men and 6426 ±
1567 kJ per day for women. Closer analysis of energy intake of the
subjects showed that 86% of men and 91% of women were consuming below
the Malaysian recommendation for energy. Nutrients found to be deficient
in at least one third of women were calcium, vitamin A, niacin and
iron. Mean cholesterol intake in the diet was 278.7 ± 108.7
mg in men and 207.0 ± 82.5 mg in women and there was a significant
difference between genders. Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels
were 3.88 ± 0.76 mmol/L and 1.08 ± 0.33 mmol/L, respectively
in men, while these levels were lower in women, 3.87 ± 0.80
mmol/L for cholesterol and 0.99 ± 0.29 mmol/L for triglyceride.
A general trend of higher mean blood cholesterol and triglyceride
levels was shown in adults who were born with lower birthweights.
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Implications
of diet and nutrition for growth and prevalence of anaemia in rural
preschool-aged children in Shandong Province, China
ZAIMIN WANG, CARLA M PATTERSON, BRIAN OLDENBURG
A
nutrition surveillance and nutritional improvement programme through
nutrition field worker training, nutrition education and encouraging
the utilization of home gardens was undertaken among rural preschool-aged
children in the four counties of Linshu, Caoxin, Zoucheng and Yucheng
in Shandong Province in China from 1990 to 1995. A baseline survey
was conducted in 1990. This included physical and biochemical measurements
being taken on 3474 children aged 0-5 years and dietary household
surveys being taken on a random subsample of 312 children. The baseline
survey showed that the average height and weight of the subjects was
lower than the World Health Organization (WHO) standard with the prevalence
of stunting, underweight and wasting being 24.2, 12.5 and 2.1%, respectively
(using the Z scores -2 as the cut-off point). The prevalence of anaemia
was 61.9% (using haemoglobin (HB) 110 g/L as the cut-off point). The
range of mean intakes of protein and energy was, respectively, 54.0-67.2%
and 56.4-68.4% of the Chinese recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
depending on the age group. Mean calcium intake was less than 30%
of the RDA for all age groups and the mean intakes of ascorbic acid,
niacin, retinol and riboflavin were between 30.6 and 96.1% of the
RDA. Nutrition education and nutrition field worker training were
the key components of the intervention phase that followed the baseline
survey. Over 5 years, 531 nutrition field workers were trained, 1200
parents joined in nutrition classes and approximately 8000 villagers
received basic nutrition information. The latter included promotion
of breast-feeding, identification of sources of appropriate foods
for weaning, and also for the prevention and treatment of common nutritional
deficiencies. Home gardens for fruit, vegetable and livestock were
also encouraged. The evaluation survey of the project was conducted
in 1995 among 2728 0-5-year-old children. The results indicated that
the nutritional status of preschool-aged children had improved greatly.
The prevalence of stunting and underweight was reduced by 37.8 and
21.3%, respectively, while there was no significant change in the
prevalence of wasting. The average rate of anaemia decreased by 79.6%
in 1995.
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Prediction
of percentage body fat from anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance
in Singaporean and Beijing Chinese
PAUL DEURENBERG, MABEL DEURENBERG-YAP, JINGZHONG WANG, FU PO LIN,
GORDON SCHMIDT
Body
composition was measured in 205 male and female Beijing Chinese and
in 148 male and female Singaporean Chinese, age 34 (mean) (range 18-68)
years and body mass index (BMI) 22.3 (15.9-38.5) kg/m 2. In Beijing
Siri's two-compartment model based on densitometry was used as a reference
technique and in Singapore Siri's three-compartment model based on
densitometry and deuterium oxide dilution was used. In addition, body
composition was predicted using equations based on anthropometry and
bioelectrical impedance developed in Caucasian populations. Percentage
body fat (BF%) predicted from BMI was systematically underestimated
by about 1% in Beijing Chinese and by about 3.5% in Singaporean Chinese.
The difference in bias (measured minus predicted BF%) between the
two population groups could be explained by differences in frame size.
The Durnin and Womersley equations for BF% based on skinfold thickness
predicted BF% in the male and female Chinese groups adequately, with
only a slight (less than 1% body fat) and not significant bias. The
prediction of BF% based on the waist circumference (Lean's formula)
resulted in an unbiased estimate of BF% in females (bias about 1%
body fat), whereas in males the formula systematically underestimated
BF% by 3.5-5%. Bioelectrical impedance underestimated BF% systematically
by 3%, in males and females to about the same extent. The bias of
all prediction formulas was positively correlated with the level of
body fatness and, except for impedance, also negatively correlated
with age. The negative association of the bias with age indicates
that the age-related increase in body fatness is lower in Chinese
than in Caucasians. It can be concluded of the studied prediction
techniques that only the skinfold methodology using the equations
of Durnin and Womersley give valid mean estimates for both Chinese
males and females. The other techniques require the development of
population-specific prediction formula.
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Assessment
of iodine deficiency disorders in Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh
UMESH KAPIL, JAI VIR SINGH, MONICA TANDON, PRIYALI PATHAK, CHARAN
SINGH, RAKESH YADAV
Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) are an important public health problem
in India. Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh, is a known IDD endemic area.
A study conducted in 1986 reported a total goitre rate of 24.9% in
the entire population of Meerut district. During 1990-97 intensive
efforts were taken by the Uttar Pradesh Government to ensure universal
availability of iodized salt to the population. No survey has been
conducted since 1997 on the status of iodine deficiency in the Meerut
district. Hence, the present study was conducted in order to assess
the prevalence of IDD and to estimate the iodine content of salt consumed
in the households of Meerut district, Uttar Pradesh. The 30 cluster
sampling methodology and indicators for assessment of IDD as recommended
by the joint WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD (World Health Organization/United Nations
Children's Fund/International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency
Disorders) Consultation in full was utilized for the survey. A confidence
level of 95%, relative precision of 10% and design effect of three
were considered in the calculation of the sample size. The prevalence
of goitre at the time of survey was estimated to be 15%. A total of
6485 school children in the 6-10 years age group were selected using
probability proportionate to size cluster sampling methodology. A
total goitre prevalence rate of 11.6% was found in the district. It
was observed that 5.4, 2.9 and 19.9% of the children had urinary excretion
levels of < 2.0, 2.0-4.9, and 5.0-9.9 g/dL, respectively. The median
urinary iodine excretion of the children studied was found to be 15.0
g/dL. Fifty-three percent of the children studied consumed salt with
an iodine content of less than 15 p.p.m., which was below the stipulated
level (15 p.p.m.). The study showed that the population is in a transition
phase from iodine deficient (as revealed by total goitre rate) to
iodine sufficient (as revealed by median urinary iodine excretion
of 15.0 g/dL). There is a need to further strengthen the existing
monitoring system for the quality of iodized salt in the district
in order to achieve the elimination of IDD.
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Nutritional
and anthropometric assessment of a sample of pregnant women and young
children in Palau
REBECCA S POBOCIK, GM HEATHCOTE, JB SPIERS, CT OTTO
This
study examines the diet and body constitution of a small sample of
pregnant women, n = 27, and children, n = 32, enrolled in the Maternal
and Child Health program at the Public Health/Community Health Center
in Koror, Palau. Twenty-four hour diet recalls were collected from
both groups, 17 anthropometric and body composition measurements were
made on the women and a range of body measurements from height to
a full battery of 28 measures were obtained from the children. Diets
were found to be low in energy, calcium and zinc. Women consume micronutrients
primarily from fish, traditional starches, vegetables and fruits,
while children rely more on fortified grain products and milk. The
energy distribution is higher in protein and fat and lower in carbohydrate
than earlier reports of adult Palauans. A significant minority of
the women (27%) have body fat or body mass index profiles indicative
of clinically significant obesity or energy storage deficit, both
problematic in terms of pregnancy outcomes. While sample sizes of
infant and young child cohorts are very small, our findings indicate
that a relatively high proportion of these younger children, have
experienced inadequate growth and development This is especially true
of females, among whom stunting (height deficients) and especially
wasting (weight and arm circumference deficits) were in greater evidence.
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Nutritional
assessment of rural villages and estates in peninsular Malaysia: Total
blood cholesterol values in children, adolescents and adults
TONY NG KOCK WAI, KHOR GEOK LIN, TEE E SIONG, NORMAH HASHIM
The present study is unique in the Malaysian context on two counts;
first, it employs for the first time a functional group approach (groups
based on occupational or economic activity) in the assessment of community
nutritional status. Second, the study provides on a nationwide-sampling
basis, information on total blood cholesterol (TC) levels in rural
children (7.0-12.9 years; n = 1921) and adolescents (13.0-17.9 years;
n = 753) which were hitherto unavailable. Total blood cholesterol
measurements were performed on 7184 subjects ranging from 7 to 75-years-old
(males = 3151; females = 4033) from households in 69 rural villages
and seven estates in peninsular Malaysia, which were based on selected
multistage random sampling according to the household's involvement
in the following economic activities: rice farming, rubber smallholding,
coconut smallholding, fishing and employment in estates. In all functional
groups, TC values increased with age and there was a distinct gender
effect, namely females had higher TC values than males throughout
the age spectrum analyzed. Mean TC levels for children and adolescents
were in the range 3.85-4.37 mmol/L, rising markedly during adulthood
to an overall mean of 4.91 ± 1.13 mmol/L for men and 5.17 ±
1.11 mmol/L for women. In adults ( 18.0 years), there was marked disparity
in mean TC values among the functional groups; males and females from
rice households had the lowest mean TC values (4.58 and 4.99 mmol/L,
respectively). Individuals at 'high risk' (TC > 6.20 mmol/L) averaged
16.0% in women and 11.6% in men, with women from the fishing, rubber
and coconut households particularly affected (17.1-21.1%). When compared
to earlier rural TC data reported for closely similar rural communities
in the peninsula, the present findings suggest a 'hypercholesterolemic
shift' approximating 0.39 mmol/L (15 mg/dL) in the adult population;
however, this was not apparent in the children and adolescents from
these rural communities.
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Food
intakes and habits of rural elderly Malays
SUZANA SHAHAR, JANE EARLAND, SURIAH A RAHMAN
A cross-sectional
nutritional survey was carried out on 350 elderly Malays aged 60 and
above from 11 randomly selected villages in a rural area on the east
coast of Malaysia. The findings indicated that the mean intakes of
energy and of all of the nutrients investigated were below the Malaysian
Recommended Dietary Allowances, except for protein and vitamin C.
With respect to dietary habits, almost all of the subjects reported
that they had breakfast (99.3%), lunch (97.9%) and dinner (90.4%)
daily or almost daily (5-6 times/week). However, approximately half
of the subjects, especially women, had particular beliefs and prohibitions
about specific foods. Most of the subjects usually ate their meals
at home, particularly dinner, with 99.3% always having dinner in their
own home. Thus, although the rural elderly Malays studied had regular
meal intakes, the dietary intake was inadequate. There is a need to
plan community-based intervention programmes in order to prevent the
subsequent consequences of malnutrition that lead to increased morbidity
and mortality.
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Isolation
of Bifidobacteria infantis and its antagonistic activity against ETEC
0157 and Salmonella typhimurium S-285 in weaning foods
ROKIAH MOHD YUSOF, FORMUZUL HAQUE, MAZNAH ISMAIL, ZAITON HASSAN
Probiotic organism
Bifidobacteria was isolated from the faeces of breast-fed infants
at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Trypticase phytone peptone yeast extract
agar (TPY) was used as a selective media for the isolation. Morphological
examination of the isolates indicated that Bifidobacteria was Gram-positive
rods in nature, curved with characteristics of V and Y shapes. The
organisms were non-catalase producing, non-nitrate reducing, non-motile,
had an absence of indole and were unable to liquify gelatin. The ratios
of acetic and lactic acids were determined using high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using carbohydrate fermentation profile
test API-CH-50 kits, 20 Bifidobacteria strains had been identified:
they were the species of Bifidobacteria infantis and two different
sub-species, mainly infantis and lacentis. Based on a wide zone of
inhibition, three suitable strains of B. infantis, Bifi-11, Bifi-19
and Bifi-20, were tested in weaning foods for antimicrobial activity
towards two human pathogens: E. coli-0157 (World Health Organization)
and Salmonella typhimurium S-285. The pH, titratable acidity of weaning
foods and total colony count for Bifidobacteria, enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium were recorded at 3-h intervals
for 30 h. It was found that after 9 h of incubation of weaning foods,
the pH declined to < 3.6 from pH 6.0, whereas titratable acidity
increased from 0.026 to 0.08%. It was indicated that Bifidobacteria
inhibited E. coli better than did S typhimurium due to low pH. After
24 h of incubation, approximately 98% of E. coli was inhibited by
Bifidobacteria. It is suggested that the inhibitory effect of Bifidobacteria
strains in weaning foods towards the growth of enteropathogenic E.
coli and S. typhimurium was solely due to low pH and the production
of volatile acid components by the organism.
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Garlic
exerts hepatoprotective effects during 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide-induced
oral carcinogenesis in rats
SEETHARAMAN BALASENTHIL, SIDDAVARAM NAGINI
The modifying effects of garlic (Allium sativum Linn.) on hepatic
lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status during 4-nitroquinoline
1-oxide (4NQO)-induced oral carcinogenesis were investigated in male
Wistar rats. Enhanced lipid peroxidation in the liver of tumour-bearing
animals was accompanied by significant decreases in the activities
of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and
reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. Administration of aqueous garlic
extract significantly lowered lipid peroxidation and enhanced the
levels of hepatic antioxidants and detoxifying enzymes. The results
of the present study suggest that garlic exerts its hepatoprotective
effects by influencing hepatic biotransformation enzymes and antioxidants.
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Bedside
monitoring of nutritional metabolism in the persistent vegetative
state
KAZUHIKO
KUDOH, HIDEO YAMADA, SHIGERU ISHIKAWA, YUMI NISHIMURA
The basal metabolism and daily energy consumption of eight cases of
the persistent vegetative state were low. Some received excessive
energy and inappropriate essential nutrient infusions.
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Overview:
Dietary fat and atherosclerosis
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY
Research
on the effects of dietary fat on cholesterolemia and coronary risk
began with comparisons of the amount and type of fat (saturated vs
unsaturated). It then became clear that not all fatty acids had similar
cholesterolemic effects and equations were derived which gave different
weights to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. We now find that
the triglyceride structure also plays a role in cholesterolemia as
suggested by the studies of Kritchevsky and Tepper in rabbits and
McGandy et al. in human subjects.
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Overview:
Dietary fat and atherosclerosis
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY
Research
on the effects of dietary fat on cholesterolemia and coronary risk
began with comparisons of the amount and type of fat (saturated vs
unsaturated). It then became clear that not all fatty acids had similar
cholesterolemic effects and equations were derived which gave different
weights to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. We now find that
the triglyceride structure also plays a role in cholesterolemia as
suggested by the studies of Kritchevsky and Tepper in rabbits and
McGandy et al. in human subjects.
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Overview:
Dietary fat and atherosclerosis
DAVID KRITCHEVSKY
Research
on the effects of dietary fat on cholesterolemia and coronary risk
began with comparisons of the amount and type of fat (saturated vs
unsaturated). It then became clear that not all fatty acids had similar
cholesterolemic effects and equations were derived which gave different
weights to saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. We now find that
the triglyceride structure also plays a role in cholesterolemia as
suggested by the studies of Kritchevsky and Tepper in rabbits and
McGandy et al. in human subjects.
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Lipids
and immunology
MICHIHIRO SUGANO, TAMIHO KOGA, KOGI YAMADA
Dietary fat plays an important regulatory role in the pathogenesis
of a range of immune reactions. In food allergies, especially in type
I allergic reactions, dietary fat can modulate the development of
clinical symptoms through influencing the production of immunoglobulins
(Ig), cytokines and chemical mediators. In general, polyunsaturated
fatty acids (PUFA) of the n-3 family in relation to those of the n-6
family reduce the production of eicosanoids and hence, mitigate hypersensitivity.
In this context, it is interesting that conjugated derivatives of
linoleic acid (CLA) reduce the production of eicosanoids and regulate
the production of Ig in a manner favourable to the prevention of allergic
reactions. Trans monoene fatty acid (that is, elaidic acid), in relation
to cis monoenoic fatty acid (that is, oleic acid), also behaves as
an anti-allergic agent through interfering with the desaturation of
linoleic acid. The information available indicates that different
dietary fats influence differently the immune indices related to food
allergic reaction. The effects appeared to be readily modified by
the combination of food components, including dietary fats. Thus,
an appropriate combination of a specific fat or fatty acid may be
one approach to the regulation of allergic reaction.
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