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 Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 8, issue 2,
1999
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Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
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A pilot study on the
changes of event-related potentials in school-aged children
with iron deficiency anaemia
TH SHI, LF YU, LZ HUANG, XH MA, QH ZHU
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):91-95.
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Effect
of catfish supplementation on the fatty acid status and growth
of undernourished rural preschool children under 6 years of age:
An intervention trial in Lebowa, South Africa
HY TICHELAAR, NP STEYN, JH NEL, CM SMUTS, PJ VAN JAARSVELD, JF
PRINSLOO<, J VAN ROOYEN, CJ LOMBARD, MA DHANSAY, AJS BENADÉ
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):96-105. |
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Effects
of consumption of edible oils for a period of 4 months on the
ultrastructure of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats
O
FAIZAH, Z MERICAN, MF HASSAN, BAK KHALID, J MOHAMED, M RADZI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):106-112. |
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Prevention of H2O2-induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation and
hemolysis by aqueous extracted turmeric
S
LALITHA, R SELVAM
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):113-114. |
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Effects
of a high intake of unsaturated and saturated oils on intestinal
transference of calcium and calcium mobilization from bone in
an ovariectomized rat model of osteoporosis
SRABANI
CHANDA, NAZRUL ISLAM, TAPAN KUMAR GHOSH, CHANDAN MITRA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):115-120.
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The National Survey on the Constitution and Health of Chinese
Students in 1995: Nutritional status of school students aged 10-17
years in Shaanxi, China
HONG YAN, MICHAEL J DIBLEY, KATE D'ESTE, RULAN HOU
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):121-128. |
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Chronic
energy deficiency and relative abdominal overfatness coexist in
free-living elderly individuals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
TRAN
THI THANH TAM, RAINER GROSS, WIDJAJA LUKITO, JOHANNA SP RUMAWAS
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):129-135. |
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Effects
of dumb-bell exercise with and without energy restriction on resting
metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and body composition
in mildly obese women
TATSUHIRO
MATSUO, MASASHIGE SUZUKI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):136-141. |
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The
Tonga Healthy Weight Loss Program 1995-97
L ENGLBERGER, V HALAVATAU, Y YASUDA, R YAMAZAKI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):142-148. |
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Measuring
the dietary intake of Samoans living in New Zealand: Comparison
of a food frequency questionnaire and a 7 day diet record
A
COLIN BELL, BOYD A SWINBURN, HENGA AMOSA, ROBERT SCRAGG, SUSAN
J SHARPE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):149-154. |
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Prediction
of extracellular water and total body water by multifrequency
bio-electrical impedance in a Southeast Asian population
SYAFRI
GURICCI, YAYUK HARTRIYANTI, JOSEPH HAUTVAST, PAUL DEURENBERG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):155-159. |
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Endogenous
carotenoid concentrations in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues
of gastric cancer patients in Korea
SAR
PAIVA, K-J YEUM, KS LEE, IS PARK, YC LEE-KIM, RM RUSSELL
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):160-166. |
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Nutrition
scenario in Karnataka, a state in southern India
K SHEELA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 1999;8(2):167-174. |
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A
pilot study on the changes of event-related potentials in school-aged
children with iron deficiency anaemia
TH SHI, LF YU, LZ HUANG, XH MA, QH ZHU
Event-related
potentials (ERP) were assessed in 70 school-aged children with a diagnosis
of asymptomatic iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), based on low haemoglobin
and either low serum ferritin or high free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
levels. The IDA subjects were randomized into treatment and placebo
groups of 35 cases each, and compared with a normal control group
of 30 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects without iron deficiency.
Further haematological and ERP assessment was carried out after 3
months, during which time the active group received iron supplementation
with 10 mg ferrous sulphate, together with vitamin C, malic acid and
folic acid. Pre-treatment, both IDA groups had prolonged P300 latencies
in comparison with the non-IDA controls (P< 0.01). The proportion
of cases with distorted wave appearance was more than twice as high
in the IDA groups as in the non-IDA controls, although intergroup
differences did not reach statistical significance. After treatment,
the active treatment IDA group showed a significant increase in haemoglobin
levels and shortening in P300 latencies. After treatment, neither
value was statistically different from non-IDA controls. There was
a decrease in the number of cases with abnormal waveforms in the active
treatment group, compared with an increase in the number within the
placebo group (P = 0.002). Testing of ERP shows promise as a non-invasive,
sensitive and objective marker for assessing cognitive impairment
in children with IDA.
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Effect
of catfish supplementation on the fatty acid status and growth of
undernourished rural preschool children under 6 years of age: An intervention
trial in Lebowa, South Africa
HY TICHELAAR, NP STEYN, JH NEL, CM SMUTS, PJ VAN JAARSVELD, JF PRINSLOO<,
J VAN ROOYEN, CJ LOMBARD, MA DHANSAY, AJS BENADÉ
A
group of 102 preschool children aged 13-69 months from a rural area
of Lebowa were selected from a cross-sectional study of 659 children
for an intervention trial (12 months) to study the effect of catfish
(Clarias gariepinus) supplementation on their plasma phospholipid
fatty acid status and growth. They were classified into undernourished
and control groups according to their weight-for-age. The undernourished
children (n = 52) received 43 g fish and 7.5 g sunflower cooking oil
per day, whereas a matched (age and sex) well-nourished control group
(n = 50) was not supplemented. At baseline, after 6 months and after
12 months of the study, anthropometry, haematology, blood biochemistry
and plasma phospholipid fatty acid analyses were done. In the undernourished
group, high baseline oleic acid (18:1 9) levels in plasma phosphatidylcholine
(PC) were replaced by docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 3) with supplementation.
In plasma PC, this reduction in 18:1 9 and increase in 22:6 3 was
associated with significant increases in weight-for-age Z-scores,
P = 0.0378 and P = 0.0415, respectively. The fish supplement and cooking
oil that supplied additional 7% energy (7% E) and nutrients promoted
growth of undernourished children, although this was inadequate for
sustained growth during the second 6 months of intervention.
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Effects
of consumption of edible oils for a period of 4 months on the ultrastructure
of the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats
O
FAIZAH, Z MERICAN, MF HASSAN, BAK KHALID, J MOHAMED, M RADZI
Edible
oils have different effects on lipid profiles and on the propensity
for producing lipid peroxidation products. These two properties of
edible oils can affect arterial structure, ultimately leading to atherosclerosis.
Hypertension is said to be a predisposing factor for atherosclerosis
and can accelerate its process. This paper investigates the effects
of three edible oils, namely soya bean oil, palm oil and ghee, on
the ultrastructure of the aortas of spontaneously hypertensive rats
at the end of a 4 month feeding period. It was found that ghee produced
significant structural changes to the aortic wall when compared with
palm oil or soya bean oil, and that no noticeable structural differences
were seen to occur on the aortas of the palm oil-fed and soya bean
oil-fed groups of rats. This study suggests that the consumption of
ghee, rather than palm or soya bean oil, is more likely to lead to
the development of atherosclerosis.
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Prevention of H2O2-induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation and hemolysis
by aqueous extracted turmeric
S
LALITHA, R SELVAM
The protective effect of the aqueous extracted turmeric antioxidant
protein on H2O2-induced red blood cell lipid peroxidation and hemolysis
was investigated. Turmeric antioxidant protein inhibited lipid peroxidation
and hemolysis by 70% and 80%, respectively, and was found to be more
effective as an antioxidant than were -tocopherol and curcumin.
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Effects
of a high intake of unsaturated and saturated oils on intestinal transference
of calcium and calcium mobilization from bone in an ovariectomized
rat model of osteoporosis
SRABANI
CHANDA, NAZRUL ISLAM, TAPAN KUMAR GHOSH, CHANDAN MITRA
Intestinal transference of calcium and rate of bone turnover were
evaluated in ovariectomized rats fed for 15 days with a high amount
(30%) of lipid enriched with monounsaturated (groundnut oil), polyunsaturated
(sunflower oil) and saturated (coconut oil) fatty acids. The results
were compared with those for sham-operated control and ovariectomized
groups fed a normal diet (7% groundnut oil). Irrespective of the saturation
and unsaturation characteristics, all lipids (edible oils) used in
our study considerably decreased the rate of in situ intestinal transference
of calcium. Likewise, the activities of intestinal mucosal enzymes,
alkaline phosphatase (AP) and calcium ATPase (Ca2+-ATPase) were decreased
significantly in all the segments of the small intestine in a descending
gradient. Significant changes in bone turnover and bone calcium (Ca)
mobilization were confirmed in these animals by marked alterations
in plasma AP activity, urinary calcium and phosphate excretion and
calcium to creatinine (Ca:creatinine) ratio. Lipid supplementation
(30%) in such ovariectomized rats using groundnut oil (monounsaturated),
sunflower oil (polyunsaturated) or coconut oil (saturated) for 15
days further enhanced all of the above observed parameters. These
results suggest that the intake of high amounts of lipids with different
unsaturation and saturation characteristics may be an important factor
in determining bone loss in ovariectomized rats.
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The
National Survey on the Constitution and Health of Chinese Students
in 1995: Nutritional status of school students aged 10-17 years in
Shaanxi, China
HONG YAN, MICHAEL J DIBLEY, KATE D'ESTE, RULAN HOU
There
are 200 million Chinese adolescents and they represent a significant
proportion of the world adolescent population. Their health, growth
and nutritional status is of vital importance to China but also to
the health of adolescents globally. Previous assessments of nutritional
status of adolescents in China have been undertaken without using
World Health Organization (WHO) recommended anthropometric methods
or reference data. Using data from the National Survey on the Constitution
and Health of Chinese Students in 1995 (NSCHCS-95), this study aimed
to assess the current nutritional status of Shaanxi school students
using WHO recommended methods of nutritional assessment. Data for
6284 (3142 females and 3142 males) Shaanxi school students aged 10-17
years was abstracted from the Shaanxi portion of the NSCHCS-95. This
national cross-sectional survey gathered anthropometric measurements
using standard methods, maturity indicators, and basic social and
demographic data. The calculation of anthropometric indicators was
based on the National Centre for Health Statistics/WHO reference data
and the prevalence of nutritional status indicators was estimated
using standard WHO recommended cut-offs and methods of maturity adjustment.
The median age of menarche and spermarche was delayed for Shaanxi
rural female and male students in comparison with the reference data
by 0.81 and 0.39 years, respectively. The prevalence of stunting and
thinness in students in almost all ages was higher than in the reference
population. For all age groups combined, the adjusted prevalence of
stunting was 8.0% for urban students, and 11.0% for rural students.
For students under 14 years of age, the adjusted prevalence of thinness
was 18.3% for urban students, and 15.1% for rural students. The prevalence
of 'at risk of overweight' and obesity among urban male students aged
10-11.99 (for overweight) and 10-12.99 years (for obesity) were similar
to the reference population. Undernutrition (stunting and thinness)
continues to be a public health problem in the Shaanxi school population
and may be related to the less developed rural economy in the province.
Young Shaanxi urban male students showed a tendency towards an excess
prevalence of 'at risk of overweight' and obesity, which may be related
to improved economic conditions in urban areas. It is necessary to
develop national anthropometric reference data, cut-off points and
median ages of attainment of WHO recommended maturational indicators
for Chinese adolescents.
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Chronic
energy deficiency and relative abdominal overfatness coexist in free-living
elderly individuals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
TRAN
THI THANH TAM, RAINER GROSS, WIDJAJA LUKITO, JOHANNA SP RUMAWAS
As
part of the Cross-Cultural Research on Nutrition of Older Subjects
(CRONOS) project, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to observe
the nutritional status and body composition of free-living elderly
and middle-aged people in a low-income area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Anthropometric data (weight; height; arm span; four skinfold thicknesses;
left upper mid-arm, abdomen, hip and calf circumferences) were collected
from 50 Vietnamese men and 50 Vietnamese women aged between 35 and
44 years and 50 men and 50 women aged between 60 and 74 years who
lived in Village 2, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City. The prevalence of
chronic energy deficiency (CED) in the elderly men (BMI = 19.9 ±
2.8 kg/m2) was higher (52 vs 34%) than that in the middle-aged men
(BMI = 19.2 ± 3.4 kg/m2). Fat-free mass and calf circumference
of the elderly were lower than those of the middle-aged (P< 0.001).
However, the Vietnamese elderly had higher body fat content, higher
abdomen-to-hip ratios and lower fat-free mass than their younger counterparts
(P< 0.05). In particular, 36% of middle-aged women and 20% of elderly
women were classified with 'relative abdominal overfatness'. Vietnamese
middle-aged and older adults are shorter and thinner than their counterparts
in American and European countries but overfatness increases with
age, particularly in women. Urban elderly are vulnerable to both undernutrition
and overnutrition, both of which merit consideration in the geriatric
care system in Vietnam.
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Effects
of dumb-bell exercise with and without energy restriction on resting
metabolic rate, diet-induced thermogenesis and body composition in
mildly obese women
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, MASASHIGE SUZUKI
The
effects of dumb-bell exercise (aerobic-resistance exercise) with and
without low calorie diet (LCD) therapy on resting metabolic rate (RMR),
diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT) and body composition were studied
in 12 mildly obese women aged 19-20 years. The subjects were randomly
assigned to one of the following two groups: dumb-bell exercise with
LCD (DEx + LCD group), and dumb-bell exercise only (DEx group). The
subjects performed dumb-bell exercises with pairs of 2 kg dumb-bells
every day after dinner for approximately 20 min. In the DEx + LCD
group, subjects also received a liquid-formula diet based on a commercially
available diet supplement, Micro Diet, for two of their three daily
meals. Thus, they were restricted to approximately 4.18 MJ of energy
intake per day for 12 weeks. Subjects underwent several measurements
(body composition, RMR and DIT tests) before commencing the experiment
and again after 12 weeks while still dieting. During the 12 week experimental
period, body weight and body fat decreased significantly in both the
DEx + LCD and the DEx groups without reducing fat free mass (FFM).
The decreases in body weight and body fat were significantly larger
in the LCD + DEx group than in the DEx group. These results suggest
that dumb-bell exercise decreases body weight and body fat without
reducing FFM in relation to increasing RMR and DIT. Micro Diet LCD
may strengthen the effect of dumb-bell exercise on body weight and
body fat, but weaken the effects on RMR and DIT.
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The
Tonga Healthy Weight Loss Program 1995-97
L ENGLBERGER, V HALAVATAU, Y YASUDA, R YAMAZAKI
A health and weight awareness program was initiated in 1995 by the
Tonga National Food and Nutrition Committee to combat a high prevalence
of obesity and its associated non-communicable diseases. The strategy
of the program was to provide a fun activity in which people wanted
to join, and at the same time gain health benefits. Three successive
weight loss competitions were organized, of 4 to 6 months in length,
in which radio, television, and newspaper media were major elements.
A Tongan version of the 1993 South Pacific Commission weight for height
chart was produced, allowing identification of overweight/obesity
using body mass index. Participants were registered and given individual
encouragement on diet/exercise. Prizes donated by local businesses
added to the campaign, as well as the involvement of His Majesty King
Taufa'ahau Tupou IV. Aerobic exercise, public walks, weigh station
manager training, and weight watcher group meetings were special activities.
An unexpected element was the interest by the international press,
which proclaimed the Tonga national weight loss competitions to be
the first in the world. A total of 3429 participants registered in
the three competitions, with 1617 competing to the end. First place
winners lost from 25.5 to 28.4 kg in the competitions. Difficulties
encountered included problems of coordination, funds, scales, newness
of the healthy weight concept, and weight gain at the close of the
competition. The activity was received positively by the community,
with requests for the competitions and exercise activities to continue,
and much awareness on health issues relating to overweight was achieved.
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Measuring
the dietary intake of Samoans living in New Zealand: Comparison of
a food frequency questionnaire and a 7 day diet record
A COLIN BELL, BOYD A SWINBURN, HENGA AMOSA, ROBERT
SCRAGG, SUSAN J SHARPE
The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy
of a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for measuring the usual
dietary intake of Samoans living in New Zealand. We compared a self-administered
89 item quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with a 7 day
diet record (DR) in a sample of 55 Samoan adults aged 20 years and
over. The FFQ asked people to report their dietary intake in frequency
and amount and included photos of standard serving sizes. The DR was
collected over non-consecutive three and four day periods, including
two weekend days. Food weighing scales and measuring cups and spoons
were provided to measure food portions. Correlations between the two
methods were poor for both crude (range -0.03-0.48) and energy-adjusted
(range -0.12-0.54) nutrient intakes. Approximately 29-53% of people
fell into the same tertile when classified by the two methods and
9-22% of subjects were grossly misclassified into opposite tertiles.
Agreement was also poor when the differences in energy, fat, protein
and carbohydrate intake between the methods were plotted against mean
intake. Relative to an estimate of energy expenditure, both methods
underestimated usual energy intake; however, underestimation occurred
to a greater extent with the DR. We conclude that agreement between
the two dietary assessment methods was poor and we were unable to
use the DR to calibrate the FFQ. In terms of total energy, the FFQ
gave a better assessment of usual dietary intake than did the DR.
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Prediction
of extracellular water and total body water by multifrequency bio-electrical
impedance in a Southeast Asian population
SYAFRI GURICCI, YAYUK HARTRIYANTI, JOSEPH HAUTVAST,
PAUL DEURENBERGi
Three different adult Indonesian population groups living on Sumatra
(Palembang), Java (Depok) and Sulawesi (Makale) participated in a
study on body composition. Body weight, body height and multifrequency
bioelectrical impedance (1, 5, 50 and 100 kHz) were measured and in
addition total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW) were
determined by dilution techniques, using deuterium oxide and sodium
bromide, respectively, as tracers. In total 318 subjects, 159 males
and 159 females, participated in the study. Predicting ECW and TBW
from bio-electrical impedance, using existing prediction formulas
from the literature, did not result in valid estimates of these parameters.
Therefore new prediction equations for ECW and TBW were developed
in this group and the prediction equations were validated in several
subgroups. Extracellular water (kg) could be predicted with the formula
0.262 height2/Z1 + 2.7 (SEE = 0.9 kg) and TBW with the formula 0.516
height2/Z100 + 3.5 (SEE = 1.6 kg), where Z1 and Z100 are impedances
at frequency 1 and 100 kHz, and SEE is the standard error of estimate.
The prediction formulas showed good validity in the three geographical
subgroups, in males and females separately and in two randomly selected
subgroups. The absolute prediction error (kg) of the newly developed
prediction equations is lower compared with values normally reported
in the literature, but when expressed as coefficient of variation
the errors are comparable with values from the literature. Addition
of weight age and sex (for TBW only) improves the prediction equation.
The prediction equations were compared with prediction equations developed
in Dutch subjects. In the Indonesian subjects the slopes of the regression
equations were not different from the Dutch equations but the intercepts
were lower. This means that for the same body water compartment and
for the same height Indonesians have lower impedance values. This
could be explained by a slightly higher ECW/TBW ratio and a more slender
body build among Indonesians. A higher environmental temperature and
skin temperature of the subjects in this study could have added to
the effect. The formulas should preferably be validated before applying
them to other Asian populations.
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Endogenous
carotenoid concentrations in cancerous and non-cancerous tissues of
gastric cancer patients in Korea
SAR
PAIVA, K-J YEUM, KS LEE, IS PARK, YC LEE-KIM, RM RUSSELL
Carotenoid
concentrations were measured in serum and in both non-cancerous and
cancerous gastric mucosal tissues of Korean patients with gastric
cancer (n = 18). Carotenoids in serum and gastric tissue were extracted
with chloroform/methanol (2:1), and measured using reverse-phase high-performance
liquid chromatography with a C30 column. Cryptoxanthin and -carotene
were the major carotenoids in the Korean blood and they had a median
ratio of non-cancerous tissue/serum levels which was less than 1.0.
No significant differences of cryptoxanthin and -carotene levels were
found between non-cancerous and cancerous tissues. After incubation
of -carotene with gastric tissue, significantly higher levels of -carotene
breakdown products were produced in the homogenates of cancerous tissue
when compared with non-cancerous tissue. Lutein, zeaxanthin and -carotene
were the minor carotenoid constituents in the blood and their median
ratio of non-cancerous tissue/serum levels was greater than 1.0. Cancerous
tissue had significantly lower levels of lutein, zeaxanthin and -carotene
than did non-cancerous tissue. It appears that the increased breakdown
of -carotene and cryptoxanthin in cancerous tissue can be compensated
for by an increased uptake of circulating carotenoids by cancerous
tissue, whereas lutein, zeaxanthin and -carotene levels in cancerous
tissue are not able to be maintained.
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Nutrition
scenario in Karnataka, a state in southern India
K SHEELA
India is an agricultural country and the majority of India's population
live in rural areas. This is so in Karnataka, a state in southern India.
The present report consists of a detailed nutrition situation analysis.
Karnataka has a population of 45 million, which is approximately 3-5%
of India's population. One in every two women are agricultural labourers,
reflecting women's predominance in the field of agriculture. The state
has a literacy rate of 56%. The food consumption patterns reveal that
cereals and millets are the main food items. However, protective foods
(i.e. foods that are rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals) are consumed
in lesser amounts. When compared with the average Indian recommended
dietary intake (RDI), the intake of energy in adults was found to be
higher, as was protein. The average intake of vitamins, however, was
50% less than the RDI. Unlike adults, energy deficiency is a problem
in the diets of preschool children. Growth retardation has been observed
in a vast majority of children in Karnataka. An improvement in the nutritional
status of rural adults has been observed in recent years. Protein energy
malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency and B-complex deficiencies are the
major nutritional deficiencies among preschool children, while anaemia
remains a major health problem in women. Improvement in the healthcare
system has brought a decline in the infant mortality rate in Karnataka
and the state attained universal immunization coverage in 1990. The
National Nutrition Programme - Integrated Child Development Scheme provides
an integrated package of services to residents of Karnataka.
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Updated: September 2004
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