Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
       Volume 17, 3
         (September 2008)


Abstracts

Contents	Abstract	摘要
Reviews   International trends in nutritionally-related health and their implication for health policy MARK L WAHLQVIST Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):360-369.	html	html
How to define obesity? Evidence-based multiple action points for public awareness, screening, and treatment: an extension of Asian-Pacific recommendations WEN-HARN PAN AND WEM-TING YEH Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):370-374.	html	html
Sociocultural factors relating to Tongans’ and Indigenous Fijians’ patterns of eating, physical activity and body size HELEN M MAVOA AND MARITA MCCABE Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):375-384.	html	html
Original Research Communications   Macro-Micro and Phyto-nutrients Levels of Omega 3 fatty acids in Australian seafood SAHR S A M SOLTAN AND ROBERT A GIBSON Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):385-390.	html	html
Determination of trans fatty acid levels by FTIR in processed foods in Australia JUSTINE MCCARTHY, DANIEL BARR AND ANDREW SINCLAIR Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):391-396.	html	html
Vitamin D intake and its food sources in Taiwanese MEEI-SHYUAN LEE, HSIN-LU LI, TSUI-HSIA HUNG, HSING-YI CHANG, FEILI LO YANG AND MARK L WAHLQVIST Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):397-407.	html	html
Consumption of purple sweet potato leaves decreases lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in humans CHIAO-MING CHEN, YA-LING LIN, C-Y OLIVER CHEN, CHING-YUN HSU, MING-JER SHIEH AND JEN-FANG LIU Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):408-414.	html	html
Nutritional Status, Dietary Intakes, and Body Composition   Effect of diacylglycerol on body weight: a meta-analysis TONGCHENG XU, XIA LI, ZHIGUO ZHANG, XIAOHANG MA AND DUO LI Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):415-421.	html	html
Waist circumference percentile criteria for the pediatric metabolic syndrome in Korean adolescents KAYOUNG LEE Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):422-428.	html	html
Growth and Child Nutrition   Multiple micronutrient deficiencies persist during early childhood in Mongolia REBECCA L LANDER, TSERENNADMID ENKHJARGAL, JAMIYAN BATJARGAL, KARL B BAILEY, SARAH DIOUF, TIMOTHY J GREEN, C MURRAY SKEAFF AND ROSALIND S GIBSON Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):429-440.	html	html
Calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium intakes in Japanese children aged 3 to 5 years TOMIKO SHIBATA, TAEKO MURAKAMI, HARUO NAKAGAKI, NAOKI NARITA, MIHO GOSHIMA, TOMOKO SUGIYAMA AND MAMORU NISHIMUTA Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):441-445.	html	html
Maternal and Women’s Nutrition   Vitamin A supplementation in Cambodia: program coverage and association with greater maternal formal education DAVINDER S GROVER, SASKIA DE PEE, KAI SUN, V K RAJU, MARTIN W BLOEM AND RICHARD D SEMBA Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):446-450.	html	html
Hepcidin and iron status among pregnant women in Bangladesh KERRY J SCHULZE, PARUL CHRISTIAN, INGO RUCZINSKI, AMANDA L RAY, AVINDRA NATH, LEE S-F WU AND RICHARD D SEMBA Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):451-456.	html	html
Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health   Body shape dissatisfaction and obesity among Taiwanese adolescents LI-JUNG CHEN, KENNETH R FOX AND ANNE M HAASE Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):457-456.	html	html
High fish consumption in French Polynesia and prenatal exposure to metals and nutrients ERIC DEWAILLY, ÉDOUARD SUHAS, YOLANDE MOU, RENEE DALLAIRE, LUDIVINE CHATEAU-DEGAT AND RENE CHANSIN Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):461-470.	html	html
A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the United States (US) and Korea in young adults aged 20 to 39 years JINKYUNG PARK, JASON A MENDOZA, CAROL E O’NEIL, DAVID C HILMERS, YAN LIU AND THERESA A NICKLAS Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):471-482.	html	html
What’s on Malaysian television? - A survey on food advertising targeting children TILAKAVATI KARUPAIAH, KARUTHAN CHINNA, LOI HUEI MEE, LIM SIAU MEI AND MPHD ISMAIL NOOR Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):483-491.	html	html
Nutritionally-Related Disorders and Diseases and Their Risk Factors   Association between obesity and medical care expenditure among Taiwanese adults HSIAO-YUN HU, YIING-JENQ CHOU, PESUS CHOU, CHENG-HUA LEE, MIAW-CHWEN LEE AND NICOLE HUANG Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):492-504.	html	html
Coexistence of anaemia and the metabolic syndrome in adults in Jiangsu, China ZUMIN SHI, XIAOSHU HU, BAOJUN YUAN, GANG HU, XIAOQUN PAN AND GERD HOLMBOE-OTTESEN Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):505-513.	html	html
Clinical Nutrition Trials or Feeding Studies   An integrated intervention program to control diabetes in overweight Chinese women and men with type 2 diabetes JIANQIN SUN, YANFANG WANG, XIAFEI CHEN, YANQIU CHEN, YING FENG, XINYI ZHANG, YIRU-PAN, TING HU, JIANHUA XU, LUYUAN DU, WEI ZHOU, HUIPING ZHAO, ROSEMARY E RILEY AND VIKKIE A MUSTAD Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):514-524.	html	html
Intraoperative infusion of acetated Ringer solution containing glucose and ionized magnesium reduces ketogenesis and maintains serum magnesium TAKESHI YOKOYAMA, KUNIO SUWA, FUMIYASU YAMASAKI, REIKI YOKOYAMA, KOICHI YAMASHITA AND EVA SELLDEN Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):525-529.	html	html
Special Reports   Symposium on Understanding and Influencing Consumer Food Behaviours for Health: Executive Summary Report MA SOFIA V AMARRAL, YEONG BOON YEE AND ADAM DREWNOWSKI Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):530-539.	html	html
The 2nd International Conference on East-West Perspectives on Functional Foods: Science, Innovations and Claims RODOLFO F FLORENRINO Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):540-543.	html	html
Future Events Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17(3):544	PDF	PDF

 

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International trends in nutritionally-related health and their implication for health policy

MARK L WAHLQVIST

To establish health policy which will be relevant and effectual for a decade or more, let alone the much longer term, is a challenging task for any period of human or planetary history. Presently it is more so than ever because of major demographic, economic, technological and scientific, climatic and territorial changes and uncertainties. There are various scenarios which might be envisaged for food-health relationships before global population size is expected to stabilize by about 2050, dependent on planetary health. These will reflect achieved food intakes which for many will not be optimal but realizable and food systems with varying degrees of safety, security and sustainability. Health patterns themselves are bound to continue to change from those associated with different levels of economic development to those which have more to do with locality, climate, education and equity. Every aspect of health is in some way intertwined with food and this will become more explicit. Decisions about food-health relationships will take into account the United Nations MDGs (Millennium Development Goals), but be strongly influenced by technology, affordability, sustainability and ethics.

Key Words: Health and Nutrition Policy, Scenario planning, food systems, well-being, morbidity, mortality

 

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國際趨勢在營養相關的健康議題與其衛生政策應用

在人類任何時期或是地球歷史中，建立一個能適合未來十年或更長時期衛生政策，是一項很具挑戰的任務。目前，因為主要的人口、經濟、技術、科學、氣候及地貌的改變與不確定性，使得這個任務比其往常更加艱鉅。在2050年全球人口數達到預期的平衡之前，食物與健康的關係，可想像有各種的狀況，是會依隨地球的健康而異。這些將反映出食物攝取狀況，可想而知，有許多人可能未達到理想狀態，食物系統會有不同程度的安全性、防護性與持續性。健康模式本身將與經濟發展程度而持續改變，此外，也與地域、氣候、教育與公平性更有關聯。健康的每個面向將或多或少與食物相牽扯，並且這將更明朗化。與食物–健康攸關的決定需考慮聯合國千禧發展目標，但是仍強烈受到科技、承受力、持續性及倫理的影響。

關鍵字：健康與營養政策、情境規劃、食物系統、康樂/福利、罹病率、死亡率

 

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How to define obesity? Evidence-based multiple action points for public awareness, screening, and treatment: an extension of Asian-Pacific recommendations

WEN-HARN PAN AND WEM-TING YEH

Metabolic risks are greater in Asians than Caucasians at a given body mass index (BMI). It is generally accepted that the BMI cut-off points for defining overweight and obesity should be lower for Asians. However, the percent body fat at a given BMI and metabolic responses to fatness vary among the different ethnic groups in Asia. Therefore, roughly even-spaced multiple action points (i.e., BMIs of 23, 25, 27.5, 30, 32.5, 35 and 37.5) have been advocated for managing obesity in Asians. We propose here evidence-based ethnicity-specific action points for public awareness, screening, and treatment that take into consideration sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values for cardiovascular disease and/or metabolic syndromes, which are the most prevalent adverse consequences of obesity.

Key Words: body mass index, evidence-based, metabolic syndrome, obesity definition, waist circumference

 

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肥胖定義之省思？延伸亞太地區之建議，建立有實證基礎的三個肥胖指標行動點，以教育民眾、篩選高風險民眾、治療肥胖

近年的文獻顯示，當控制在固定的身體質量指數（BMI）時，亞洲人的代謝徵候群風險比白種人高， 因此一般認為要以較低的BMI切點定義亞洲人的過重與肥胖才好。然而，對於亞洲地區的不同族群而言，即使控制在固定的身體質量指數數值之下，身體脂肪含量和代謝反應仍然有些差距。因此，專家建議從多個大致上間隔相當的「行動點」 (包括23， 25， 27.5， 30 和32.5， 35， 37.5)挑選合宜各國的切點來管理肥胖。 在這裡我們提出以預測心臟血管疾病及代謝症的危險因子之敏感度，特異度，陽性預測值、陰性預測值數據為實證基礎，訂出屬於個別人群的三個身體質量指數行動點以教育民眾、篩選高風險民眾、治療肥胖。

關鍵字：身體質量指數，實證醫學，代謝症候群，肥胖定義，腰圍

 

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Sociocultural factors relating to Tongans’ and Indigenous Fijians’ patterns of eating, physical activity and body size

HELEN M MAVOA AND MARITA MCCABE

This paper reviews literature between 1974 and 2007 that addresses the impact of sociocultural factors on reported patterns of eating, physical activity (activity) and body size of Tongans and indigenous Fijians (Fijians) in their countries of origin. There have been changes in diet (more imported and fewer traditional foods), activity (reduced, especially in urban settings), residence (rural-urban shift) and body size (increased obesity and at a younger age). The prevalence of overweight/obesity in Tongans and Fijians has increased rapidly over the last two decades and remains among the highest in the world (>80% in Tonga; >40% in Fiji), with more females reported to be obese than males. The few studies that investigated sociocultural influences on patterns of eating, activity and/or body size in this population have examined the impact of hierarchical organisation, rank and status (sex, seniority), values (respect, care, co-operation) and/or role expectations. It is important to examine how sociocultural factors influence eating, activity and body size in order to i) establish factors that promote or protect against obesity, ii) inform culturally-appropriate interventions to promote healthy lifestyles and body size, and iii) halt the obesity epidemic, especially in cultural groups with a high prevalence of obesity. There is an urgent need for more systematic investigations of key sociocultural factors, whilst taking into account the complex interplay between sociocultural factors, behaviours and other influences (historical; socioeconomic; policy; external global influences; physical environment).

Key Words: Food, Physical activity, Tonga, indigenous Fijians, Obesity

 

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社會與文化因子與東加群島人及斐濟原住民的飲食型態、身體活動量和體型有關

本篇文章回顧了1974到2007年之間，發表對於東加群島人及斐濟人其社會與文化因子對於飲食型態、身體活動量（活動量）和體型之影響的文獻。這段期間在飲食（更多進口食物以及較少的傳統食物）、活動量（減少，特別是居住在城市的居民）、居所（鄉村與城市之間的遷移）以及體型（肥胖增加，特別是在年輕人之中）都有改變。在過去20年，東加群島人及斐濟人過重/肥胖的盛行率迅速的增加，並且保持全世界最高值之一（東加>80% ;斐濟 >40%），而女性肥胖者更多於男性。在為數不多的這些研究中，社會與文化因子如階級組織、地位及身份（性別、資歷）、價值觀（敬重、關心、合作）、和/或角色期待等曾被探討，檢視它們對當地飲食型態、活動量和體型的影響。為了要i)建立可促增肥胖或預防肥胖的因子，ii)告知適當的文化角度介入來促進健康的生活型態及體型，以及iii)終止肥胖的流行性，特別是在有肥胖高盛行率的文化群體中，因此評估社會與文化因子如何影響飲食、活動量、及體型是重要的。針對主要的社會與文化因子更多有系統的研究是必需的，但同時也要考量到社會與文化因子和行為以及其他影響（歷史、社會經濟、政策、外圍全球性的影響、自然環境）之間複雜的交互作用。

關鍵字：飲食、身體活動量、東加、斐濟原住民、肥胖

 

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Levels of Omega 3 fatty acids in Australian seafood

SAHR S A M SOLTAN AND ROBERT A GIBSON

The aim of this study was to determine the quantity of omega 3 (n–3) fatty acids in commonly consumed species of South Australian fish. Omega 3 fatty acids ranged from 17.7% to 53.7% of total fat with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n–3) as the major omega 3 fatty acid in all 26 species tested (range 9.5 % to 47.1% of total fat). The levels of total omega 6 (n–6) fatty acids ranged from 2.3% to 20.2% of total lipids, chiefly as arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n–6). Fatty fish such as Gemfish, Atlantic Salmon and Swordfish were found to be good sources of omega-3 fatty acid (1360, 2252 and 2571 mg/100g fish respectively), while low fat fish such as Ling, Deep Sea Bream (Blue Warhou) and Blue Grenadier (0.5, 0.7 and 0.7% fat) had low levels of omega 3 fatty acid (222, 257 and 247 mg/100g). Because most white table fish consumed by Australians are so low in fat they are actually a limited source of omega 3 fats. The amount of fish required to be consumed to provide 1 g of omega 3 fatty acid per day ranged from 40 to 450 g.

Key Words: omega 3 fatty acids, dietary fats, fish, fish oils, diet

 

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澳大利亞海鮮中n-3脂肪酸的含量

這個研究的目的是要測定南澳大利亞省常食用魚類中n-3脂肪酸的含量。在測試的26個樣本中，n-3脂肪酸佔總脂肪的17.7%到53.7%，最主要為DHA (22:6n-3) ，佔總脂肪的9.5%至47.1%。n-6脂肪酸佔總脂肪的2.3%到20.2%，主要是花生四烯酸(AA,20:4n-6)。脂肪較多的魚類如Gemfish、大西洋鮭魚及箭魚是n-3脂肪酸的良好來源(每100 g魚中分別含1360、2252及2571 mg)。而低脂魚如鱈魚、Blue Warhou 及Blue Grenadier(含脂量為0.5、0.7及0.7%)，則含較少的n-3脂肪酸(100 g魚分別含222、257及247 mg)。因為澳大利亞人常吃的大多數白色魚類中脂肪含量很低，能提供的n-3脂肪酸亦有限。每天必需攝取40至450 g的魚才能得到1 g的n-3脂肪酸。

關鍵字：n-3脂肪酸、膳食脂肪、魚、魚油、飲食

 

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Determination of trans fatty acid levels by FTIR in processed foods in Australia

JUSTINE MCCARTHY, DANIEL BARR AND ANDREW SINCLAIR

Health authorities around the world advise ‘limiting consumption of trans fatty acids’, however in Australia the trans fatty acid (TFA) content is not required to be listed in the nutrition information panel unless a declaration or nutrient claim is made about fatty acids or cholesterol. Since there is limited knowledge about trans fatty acid levels in processed foods available in Australia, this study aimed to determine the levels of TFA in selected food items known to be sources of TFA from previously published studies. Food items (n=92) that contain vegetable oil and a total fat content greater than 5% were included. This criterion was used in conjunction with a review of similar studies where food items were found to contain high levels of trans fatty acids. Lipids were extracted using solvents. Gravimetric methods were used to determine total fat content and trans fatty acid levels were quantified by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. High levels of trans fatty acids were found in certain items in the Australian food supply, with a high degree of variability. Of the samples analysed, 13 contained greater than 1 g of trans fatty acids per serving size, the highest value was 8.1 g/serving. Apart from when the nutrition information panel states that the content is less than a designated low level, food labels sold in Australia do not indicate trans fatty acid levels. We suggested that health authorities seek ways to assist consumers to limit their intakes of trans fatty acids.

Key Words: trans fatty acids, levels in foods, ATR-FTIR analysis, FSANZ, Australian foods

 

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以FTIR定量澳洲加工食品的反式脂肪酸含量

全球各地衛生當局都呼籲”限制反式脂肪酸的攝取”。然而在澳洲，其反式脂肪酸(TFA)的含量未被要求明列於營養標示上，除非該食品有做關於脂肪酸或膽固醇的營養宣稱。由於澳洲加工食品中反式脂酸含量的資訊有限，因此，本研究主要目的是挑選一些曾被報導的反式脂酸來源的食物項目，來決定其反式脂酸的含量。挑出的92項食物中，都含植物油且總脂肪含量超過5%。這個準則是根據文獻回顧中，被提及含有高濃度反式脂肪酸的食物項目而歸納出來的。脂質使用溶劑淬取出來，以稱重法決定總脂肪含量。而反式脂肪酸是利用內反射傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(ATR-FTIR)定量。在某些澳洲的食品裡發現含高量反式脂肪酸，且有高變異度。分析的樣本中，有13件每份含超過1 g的反式脂肪酸，最高有達每份8.1 g。除了在營養標示指出含量低於訂定的低劑量外，在澳洲出售的食品標示無法指出反式脂肪酸的含量。我們建議衛生當局應尋求方法幫助消費者能夠限制其反式脂肪酸的攝取量。

關鍵字：反式脂肪酸、內反射傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀分析、澳紐食品科學&