Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 16, issue 1
(March 2007)


Abstracts

Contents	Abstract	摘要
The Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society Award for 2007: Citation for Duo Li WIDJAJA LUKITO Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):i.	html
Review Article The role of nutrition in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women of the developed world? CHRISTINE M. GREENE AND MARIA LUZ FERNANDEZ Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):1-9.	html	html
Original Articles Adiponectin represents an independent risk factor for hypertension in middle aged Korean women HYUN-SOOK LEE, MYOUNGSOOK LEE AND HYOJEE JOUNG Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):10-15.	html	html
Supplementation of a high-CHO breakfast with barley β-glucan improves postprandial glycaemic response for meals but not beverages SALLY D POPPITT, JENNEKE DE VAN DRUNEN, ANNE-THEA MCGILL, TOM B MULVEY AND FIONA E LEAHY Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):16-24.	html	html
Reduction of adipose tissue and body weight: effect of water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate in Garcinia atroviridis on the short term treatment of obese women in Thailand CHULAPORN ROONGPISUTHIPONG, RUNGTHIWA KANTAWAN AND WANJARUS ROONGPISUTHIPONG Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):25-29.	html	html
Anti-cancer activities of pure curry feeding in cancer cell-transplanted mouse KI-MOON PARK , KYUNG-MI KIM, YOUNG-SEO PARK , MOO-YEOL BAIK AND MYONG-SOO CHUNG Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):30-39.	html	html
Effects of phytosterols in diacylglycerol as part of diet therapy on hyperlipidemia in children TAKESHI MATSUYAMA, KENTARO SHOJI, HIDETO TAKASE, ISAMU KAMIMAKI, YURIKO TANAKA, ATSUKO OTSUKA, HIROYUKI WATANABE, TADASHI HASE AND ICHIRO TOKIMITSU Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):40-48.	html	html
Nutritional Status, Dietary Intake, and Body Composition Anthropometric indices and life style practices of aboriginal (Orang Asli) adults in Lembah Belum, Grik of Peninsular Malaysia Hayati Mohd Yusof, Ting Siew Ching, Roshita Ibrahim and Safiih Lola Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):49-55.	html	html
Change in diet and body mass index in Taiwanese women with length of residence in Australia Wan-Ping Lee, Jennifer Lingard and Margaret Bermingham Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):56-65.	html	html
Can bioelectric impedance monitors be used to accurately estimate body fat in Chinese adults? Duncan J Macfarlane Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):66-73.	html	html
Gender and socio-economic differences in BMI of secondary high school students in Ho Chi Minh City Hong K Tang, Michael J Dibley, David Sibbritt and Hanh MT Tran Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):74-83.	html	html
Macro- Micro- and Phyto-nutrients Intervention with traditional food as a major source of energy, protein, iron, vitamin C and vitamin A for rural Dalit mothers and young children in Andhra Pradesh , South India MARTINA SCHMID, B. SALOMEYESUDAS, P. SATHEESH, JAMES HANLEY AND HARRIET KUHNLEIN Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):84-93.	html	html
Impact of vitamin a supplementation on health status and absenteeism of school children in Sri Lanka SANATH THUSHARA CHAMAKARA MAHAWITHANAGE, KANNANGARA KORALALAGE NALIN PRIYAD ARSHANA KANNANGARA, RENU WICKREMASINGHE, UDUMALAGALA GAMAGE CHANDRIKA, ERROL R JANSZ, NADIRA DARSHANI KARUNAWEERA AND ANANDA RAJITHA WICKREMASINGHE Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):94-102.	html	html
Oral vitamin B12 supplementation reduces plasma total homocysteine concentration in Asian Indian women CHITTARANJAN S YAJNIK, HIMANGI G LUBREE, NILEEMA V THUSE, LALITA V RAMDAS, SWAPNA S DESHPANDE, VAISHALI U DESHPANDE, JYOTI A DESHPANDE, BHAGYASHREE S URADEY, ANJALI A GANPULE, SADANAND S NAIK, NIRANJAN P JOSHI, HANNAH FARRANT AND HELGA REFSUM Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):103-109.	html	html
Metabolic fate of intravenously administered N-acetylneuraminic acid-6 -14C in newborn piglets Bing Wang, Jeff A Downing, Peter Petocz, Jennie Brand-Miller and Wayne L Bryden Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):110-115.	html	html
Effects of wheat flour fortified with different iron fortificants on iron status and anemia prevalence in iron deficient anemic students in Northern China JING Sun, Jian Huang, Wenxian Li, Lijuan Wang, Anxu Wang, Junsheng Huo, Junshi Chen and Chunming Chen Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):116-121.	html	html
Salt usage behaviours are related to urinary sodium excretion in normotensive Korean adults Hyun Ju Kim, Hee Young Paik , Sim Yeol Lee, Jae Eun Shim and Young Sik Kim Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):122-128.	html	html
Establishment of an isoflavone database for usual Korean foods and evaluation of isoflavone intake among Korean children Min Kyung Park , YoonJu Song, Hyojee Joung, Shan-ji Li and Hee Young Paik Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):129-139.	html	html
Content of a novel online collection of traditional east African food habits (1930s – 1960s): data collected by the Max-Planck-Nutrition Research Unit, Bumbuli , Tanzania VERENA RASCHKE, ULRICH OLTERSDORF, IBRAHIM ELMADFA, MARK L. WAHLQVIST, BIRINDER S. B. CHEEMA AND ANTIGONE KOURIS-BLAZOS Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):140-151.	html	html
Growth and Child Nutrition Subclinical vitamin A deficiency and anemia among Vietnamese children less than five years of age NGUYEN CONG KHAN, NGUYEN XUAN NINH, NGUYEN VAN NHIEN, HA HUY KHOI , CLIVE E WEST AND JOSEPH GAJ HAUTVAST Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):152-157.	html	html
Vitamin A status of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in Northern Thailand PRASONG TIENBOON AND PRASIT WANGPAKAPATTANAWONG Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):158-162.	html	html
Decision to breastfeed and early cessation of breastfeeding in infants below 6 months old – A population-based study of 3,204 infants in Hong Kong WARREN T K LEE, ERIC WONG, SUAN SH LUI, VERONICA CHAN AND JOSEPH LAU Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):163-171.	html	html
Supplementation of baby formula with native inulin has a prebiotic effect in formula-fed babies SOOK-HE KIM, DA HEE LEE AND DIEDERICK MEYER Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):172-177.	html	html
Aging Anthropometric and biochemical markers for nutritional risk among residents within an Australian residential care facility JESSICA GRIEGER, CARYL NOWSON AND M LEIGH ACKLAND Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):178-186.	html	html
Nutritional Epidemiology and Public Health Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and population attributable fractions for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions ASIA PACIFIC COHORT STUDIES COLLABORATION Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):187-192.	html	html
Time-lag estimate between dietary intake and breast cancer mortality in Japan EMIKO HARASHIMA, YASUE NAKAGAWA, GUNPEI URATA, KEISUKE TSUJI, MASUO SHIRATAKA　AND YASUHIRO MATSUMURA Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):193-198.	html	html
Book Reviews Oxford Handbook of Nutrition & Dietetics by Joan Webster-Gandy, Angela Madden and Michelle Holdsworth MARK L. WAHLQVIST Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(1):199.	pdf

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Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society Award for 2007

WIDJAJA LUKITO
Duo Li is a Professor of Nutrition and Food Safety in the Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, China. He is the current Director of the Nutrition and Food Safety Center of the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society, and is a Deputy Director of the Food Science Institute, Zhejiang University. Duo Li was born on 2nd March 1958 in Tianshui, Gansu Province, China, but has since become an Australian citizen, and also a China permanent resident. After he gained a Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine (Lanzhou University, China) in 1982, he taught pharmacology in Wudu Health School, Gansu Province, and Beijing Medical College for Medical professionals, China. He was a Visiting Researcher at the School of Pharmacy, University of Tasmania from 1989-1990. He completed both his MSc (University of Tasmania, Hobart) and PhD in Nutrition and Food Science (RMIT University, Melbourne) in Australia. He was also a research fellow at Deakin University, and a senior research fellow at RMIT University in Melbourne.
    He is a co-editor of the Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, and has also served on numerous editorial boards including the Mahasarakham Journal of Science and Technology, Health Review, China Healthcare & Nutrition, and China Food & Nutrition. He is a member of the, Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society, the Nutrition Society of Australia, the Nutrition Society of China, the Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, and the American Oil Chemists Society.
    He has the served on numerous government boards. He has been a fellow of China National Food and Nutrition Consultation Committee, a Standing committee member of the China Food Safety Consultation Committee, and a member of the Zhejiang Food Safety Experts Consultation Committee. He is currently the Director of the Ethics Committee and a member of the Scientific Board, College of Biosystem Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University.
    Duo Li discoveries have been largely in the field of lipid nutrition and metabolism. Amongst them he has found  that (1) arachidonic acid is present in animal lipocytes, (2) increased dietary intake of clupanodonic acid (22:5n-3) results in reduced platelet volume, (3) vegetarians may  have  increased platelet activity caused by low dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, (4) long-term n-3 fatty acid deficiency leads to an increased plasma homocysteine level, (5) metabolism of arachidonic acid can be suppressed by dietary animal fat intake, (6) high meat intake will lead to an increased tissue stearic level, later associated with an increased plasma coagulation factor VII activity. He first reported that (1) 16:3n-3 was found in green vegetables, (2) alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid have equivalent effects in reducing blood cholesterol , (3) stearic acid from plants and animals have  different effect son blood and lipoprotein lipids, which may be caused by the arrangement of stearic acid and other fatty acids in plants and animal fats among the three available etherification sites present on the backbone of TAG molecules and on  other components which are present in fats.
    Duo received  an  Award for  the Promotion of  Student Nutrition and Health Tasks in  2004 in China; Australian Postgraduate Awards in  1995, 1996 and 1997; a Zhejiang Science and Technology System award  from the Science and Technology Association, Zhejiang Province, China; 1st Prize  in  Natural Science  for the paper: “Relationship between platelet phospholipid fatty acid and mean platelet volume in healthy men”, Academic Committee of Natural Science, Zhejiang Province, China.
    He has  organized or chaired  various  international scientific conferences such as the International Symposium on the  Evolution of Food Safety and Nutrition, in October 2002, in Hangzhou, China; the  Joint ZAST/IUNS/WHO workshop on “Current Patterns and Emerging Challenges of Nutrition cuisine and health”, in October 2003, Hangzhou, China; and the  Joint International Clinical Nutrition Conference of the International Union of Nutritional Science (8th ISCN-IUNS) and the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society (5th APCNS), in Oct 2006, Hangzhou, China.
    Duo has published more than 150 scientific papers and several books or book chapters. His supervision of many PhD and Masters Students ha increased the capacity of young nutrition investigators in Asia. His research group has integrated research themes on nutrition and food safety in some five areas. The first is food bioactivity (anti-inflammation, anti-diabetes, anti-hypertension, anti-cancer, hypo-blood lipids etc) using whole foods, food ingredients, natural products, foods for health and functional foods, through in vitro studies, animal models and human clinical trials. The secondly is food safety evaluation, with an emphasis on the long term safety of foods. Third, the relationship between non-communicable diseases and habitual dietary intake. The fourth area is the evaluation of novel food sand potential natural nutrient resources, through compositional and physiological studies. Finally, his work examines how nutrients, food ingredients and natural products influence the expression of select genes.
    His commitment to nutrition scholarship and capacity building in the Asia Pacific region make him a most worthy recipient of the Asia Pacific Clinical Nutrition Society Award in 2007.

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The role of nutrition in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women of the developed world

CHRISTINE M GREENE AND MARIA LUZ FERNANDEZ

Cardiovascular disease claims more than 500,000 women per year, making this disease the number one killer of women. Coronary heart disease in developed countries can be used as a representative classification when discussing cardiovascular disease management. Within the last 10 years research has illuminated the contributing risk factors and disease progression as they uniquely relate to women. Yet, current approaches to the prevention of primary risk factors in the development of cardiovascular disease fail to reach the potential described in scientific literature. Traditional prescriptions relied on hormone therapy or pharmacologic intervention to manage coronary heart diseases ignoring the non-hormonal aspects of cardiovascular health. Recent trends have begun to emphasize diet as a tool for the prevention of heart disease in women. This review attempts to highlight nutrition as a prescription that can be utilized to reduce the significant risk factors that women, who live in developed nations, face throughout their lifetime.

Key Words: Coronary heart disease, primary risk factors, nutrition, women, lifestyle, developed countries

 

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營養對預防已開發國家女性冠心病的角色
每年有超過500,000 女性死於心血管疾病，讓這個疾病成為女性的頭號殺手。當討論心血管疾病的管理時，冠心病在已開發國家可被當作是典型的分類。過去十年的研究闡明女性獨立相關的危險因子與疾病的進程。然而，目前對預防心血管疾病發展的初級危險因子的方法卻無法達到科學文獻描述的潛力。傳統的處方依賴荷爾蒙治療或藥物介入去管理冠心病，而忽視了非荷爾蒙的心血管健康的面向。最近的趨勢開始強調以飲食當作預防女性心臟病的工具。本文獻回顧試圖以強調營養當成居住在已開發國中的女性一輩子降低顯著的危險因子的處方
關鍵字：冠心病、初級危險因子、營養、女性、生活型態、已開發國家。

 

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Adiponectin represents an independent risk factor for hypertension in middle aged Korean women

HYUN-SOOK LEE, MYOUNGSOOK LEE AND HYOJEE JOUNG

Adiponectin, which is secreted specifically by adipose tissue, has been shown to act as an anti-atherosclerotic protein. Several studies have shown that adiponectin levels are lower in individuals with obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The present study investigated relationships between serum adiponectin levels and body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP) and lipid profiles in 300 middle-aged Korean women (mean age 50.6 ± 6.2; BMI 25.78 ± 3.68 kg/m2). The serum adiponectin level was positively associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (r = 0.29) and negatively associated with BMI, WHR, percent body fat, triglyceride (TG), systolic BP, and diastolic BP. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that increasing concentrations of adiponectin were associated with lower risk of hypertension. In overall odds ratios (95% CIs) for hypertension, those in the second, third, and fourth (versus the first) quartile of adiponectin after adjustment for age were 0.59 (0.297 – 1.185), 0.47 (0.236 – 0.938), and 0.32 (0.16 – 0.648), respectively. Regardless of BMI, WHR and percent body fat, higher adiponectin was independently associated with a lower risk of hypertension. These findings suggest that the serum adiponectin level is decreased with atherogenic lipid phenotype including hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol. Furthermore, low serum adiponectin concentration may be an independent risk factor for hypertension in middle-aged Korean women.

   Key Words: adiponectin, hypertension, blood pressure, middle-aged Korean women

 

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脂締素為韓國中年婦女罹患高血壓的獨立危險因子

脂締素由脂肪組織所分泌，是抗動脈粥狀腫的蛋白質。幾個研究指出在肥胖、糖尿病及心血管疾病患者身上其脂締素濃度較低。本研究探討300名韓國中年婦女(平均年齡50.6±6.2；BMI 25.78±3.68 公斤/公尺²)的血清脂締素含量與身體質量指數(BMI)、腰臀圍比(WHR)、血壓(BP)及血脂質之相關性。血清脂締素含量與高密度脂蛋白(HDL)-膽固醇呈正相關(r=0.29)，與BMI、WHR、體脂肪百分比、三酸甘油脂(TG)、收縮壓及舒張壓呈現負相關。多元羅吉斯迴歸分析顯示脂締素的濃度增加與較低的高血壓危險性有關。在校正年齡之後，其第二、第三及第四(與最低四分位相比)四分位的脂締素濃度的整體高血壓勝算比(95%信賴區間)分別為0.59(0.30-1.19)、0.47(0.24-0.94)及0.32(0.16-0.65)。不論BMI、WHR或是體脂肪百分比，較高的脂締素均是較低的高血壓危險性的獨立預測因子。這些結果指出粥狀腫脂質表現型，包含高三酸甘油脂血症及低HDL-膽固醇其血清脂締素含量較低。低血清脂締素濃度可能是韓國中年婦女高血壓的獨立危險因子。

關鍵字:脂締素、高血壓、血壓、韓國中年婦女。

 

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Supplementation of a high-carbohydrate breakfast with barley β-glucan improves postprandial glycaemic response for meals but not beverages

SALLY D POPPITT, JENNEKE DE VAN DRUNEN, ANNE-THEA MCGILL, TOM B MULVEY AND FIONA E LEAHY

There is growing support for the protective role of soluble fibre in type II diabetes. Soluble fibre β-glucan found in cereal products including oats and barley may be the active component. There is evidence of postprandial blunting of blood glucose and insulin responses to dietary carbohydrates when oat soluble fibre is supplemented into the diet but few trials have been carried out using natural barley or enriched barley β-glucan products. The aim of this trial was to investigate the postprandial effect of a highly enriched barley β-glucan product on blood glucose, insulin and lipids when given with a high-carbohydrate (CHO) food and a high-CHO drink. 18 lean, healthy men completed a 4 treatment intervention trial comprising (i) high-CHO_{food control}, (ii) high-CHO_food+fibre, (iii) high-CHO_{drink control}, (iv) high-CHO_drink+fibre where a 10g dose of barley β-glucan fibre supplement (Cerogen) containing 6.31g β-glucan was added to food and drink controls. There was an increase of glucose and insulin following all 4 treatments. Addition of the β-glucan supplement significantly blunted the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses on the food (p<0.05) but not drink (p>0.05) treatments when compared to controls. The high-CHO breakfasts decreased total, LDL- and HDL-cholesterol from baseline to 60mins postprandially but there were no differential effects of β-glucan treatment on circulating lipids. We conclude that a high dose barley β-glucan supplement can improve glucose control when added to a high-CHO starchy food, probably due to increased gastro-intestinal viscosity, but not when added to a high-CHO beverage where rapid absorption combined with decreased β-glucan concentration and viscosity may obviate this mechanism.

Key Words:Soluble fibre, barley β-glucan, carbohydrate, glucose, insulin

 

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補充含有大麥β-glucan的高醣早餐而非飲料可以改善飯後血糖反應

有愈來愈多證據支持水溶性纖維素對第二型糖尿病的保護角色。包含燕麥及大麥等穀類產品中所含的水溶性纖維β-glucan可能是有效成分。有證據指出在飲食中補充燕麥的水溶性纖維，可以減弱飯後血糖及胰島素對膳食醣類的反應。但是只有少數的試驗使用天然大麥或是富含大麥β-glucan的產品，本試驗的目的為研究給予高醣(CHO)食物及高CHO的飲料同時給大量富化大麥β-glucan的產品對於飯後血糖、胰島素及脂質的影響。18名瘦的健康男性完成四種治療介入試驗，包含(i) high-CHO_{food control}, (ii) high-CHO_food+fibre, (iii) high-CHO_{drink control}, (iv) high-CHO_drink+fibre，其中劑量10公克的大麥β-glucan纖維補充品(Cerogen)含6.31克的β-glucan，添加到食物及飲料控制組。全部四個治療組的血糖跟胰島素都上升。添加β-glucan補充品在食物治療組(p<0.05)但不是飲料治療組比起控制組(p>0.05)其血糖及胰島素反應均呈現顯著的緩慢。高-CHO的早餐降低飯後基線到60分鐘後的總膽固醇、LDL-膽固醇及HDL膽固醇，但是β-glucan治療對於循環脂質則沒有可分辨的影響。我們總結當添加高劑量的大麥β-glucan補充品在高-CHO澱粉食物中，可以改善血糖控制，可能是由於胃腸黏性增加，但是高CHO飲料則沒有此現象，可能是其被快速吸收，再加上β-glucan濃度及黏性的降低可能消除了這個機制。

關鍵字：水溶性纖維、大麥β-glucan、醣類、葡萄糖、胰島素。

 

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Reduction of adipose tissue and body weight: effect of water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate in Garcinia atroviridis on the short term treatment of obese women in Thailand

CHULAPORN ROONGPISUTHIPONG, RUNGTHIWA KANTAWAN AND WANJARUS ROONGPISUTHIPONG

Fifty obese women with a body mass index (BMI) over 25 kg/m² were randomly allocated into two groups, 25 in each. Group 1, with a mean (±SEM) age of 40.0±2 years, received water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate (HCA) as Garcinia atroviridis. Group 2, with a mean age of 35.6±1.8 years, received placebo. All subjects were recommended a similar diet with 1000 Kcal/day. The trial lasted for 2 months. At baseline the means BMI of Group 1 and Group 2 were 27.5±0.2 kg.m^-2 and 26.7±0.5 kg.m^-2, respectively. Group 1 lost significantly more weight (2.8 vs. 1.4 kg, p<0.05) and at a greater rate than Group 2 throughout the study. The decrease in their body weight was due to a loss of fat storage as evidenced by a significant decrease in the triceps skin fold thickness. On a short-term basis, HCA in Garcinia atroviridis was an effective for weight management.

   Key Words: adipose tissue, obese women, Garcinia atroviridis

 

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藤黃果中水溶性烴化檸檬酸鈣對泰國肥胖女性的短期治療效果：脂肪組織與體重的降低

將50名身體質量指數(BMI)超過25kg/m²的肥胖女性隨機分配成兩組，每組各25人。第一組，平均年齡(±SEM)為40.0±2歲，接受含有水溶性烴化檸檬酸鈣(HCA)的藤黃果。第二組，平均年齡為35.6±1.8歲，接受安慰劑。所有研究對象均建議攝取相同熱量的飲食，每日約1000大卡。這個試驗持續兩個月。在基線時第一組跟第二組平均BMI分別為27.5±0.2 kg/m²及26.7±0.5kg/m²。整個研究期間，與第二組比較，第一組顯著降低較多體重(2.8 vs. 1.4 kg, p<0.05)，並且速度較快。由三頭肌皮層厚度顯著的減少可以證明他們體重的減輕是由於儲存脂肪的流失。藤黃果中的HCA對體重管理有短期的效果。

關鍵字：脂肪組織、肥胖女性、藤黃果。

 

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Anti-cancer activities of pure curry feeding in cancer cell-transplanted mouse

KI-MOON PARK , KYUNG-MI KIM, YOUNG-SEO PARK , MOO-YEOL BAIK AND MYONG-SOO CHUNG

To confirm the cytotoxic effect of instant curry containing combined spices on cancer cells in vivo, cancer was induced by transplanting cancer cells to mice, and the development of cancer upon feeding pure curry were examined. The concentration of lipid peroxide in the groups transplanted with cancer cells which were fed with normal feed was 19.6 nM, and it was increased as the amount of pure curry was increased. The concentration of cytochrome P-450 was decreased in the group transplanted with cancer cells which were fed with pure curry and the group without the transplant which were fed with pure curry when compared with the groups which were fed with normal feed. The activity of cytochrome P-450 was decreased as the concentration of cytochrome P-450 was decreased in the groups transplanted with cancer cells. However, it was increased in the groups without cancer cell transplant when over 2% of pure curry was fed. The amount of glutathione was increased in the groups transplanted with cancer cells when over 2% of pure curry was fed. The activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were decreased in the groups transplanted with cancer cells which were fed with over 1% of pure curry, and were restored to the level of the group without cancer cell transplant which were fed with normal feed. The superoxide dismutase activity in the groups transplanted with cancer cells was restored to the level of the group without cancer cell transplant which was fed with normal feed when over 1% of pure curry was fed.

Key Words:pure curry, lipid peroxide, cytochrome P-450, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase

 

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餵食純咖哩對癌細胞轉殖小鼠的抗癌活性

為確認即時咖哩中的綜合香料對活體癌細胞的細胞毒素影響，以轉殖癌細胞至小鼠身上而誘導癌症發生，評估餵食純咖哩對於癌症發展的影響。轉殖癌細胞餵食正常飼料小鼠的脂質過氧化物濃度為19.6nM，當純咖哩的量增加時其濃度也上升。與餵食正常飼料小鼠相比，轉殖癌細胞餵食純咖哩組及未轉殖癌細胞但餵食純咖哩組，其細胞色素P-450濃度較低。在轉殖癌細胞組，細胞色素P-450的活性是隨著細胞色素P-450的減少而降低。然而，它在沒有轉殖癌細胞但餵食超過2%純咖哩組則是增加的。轉殖癌細胞組餵食純咖哩超過2%時，麩胱甘肽的量會上升。轉殖癌細胞組餵食純咖哩超過1%時，麩胱甘肽過氧化酶及麩胱甘肽S轉化酶活性會下降，回復到未轉殖癌細胞並餵食正常飼料組的水準。當餵食咖哩超過1％時，轉殖癌細胞組的超氧歧化酶的活性回復到未轉殖癌細胞並餵食正常飼料組的水準。

關鍵字:純咖哩、脂質過氧化、細胞色素P-450、麩胱甘肽過氧化酶、超氧化岐化酶。

 

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Effects of phytosterols in diacylglycerol as part of diet therapy on hyperlipidemia in children

TAKESHI MATSUYAMA, KENTARO SHOJI, HIDETO TAKASE, ISAMU KAMIMAKI, YURIKO TANAKA, ATSUKO OTSUKA, HIROYUKI WATANABE, TADASHI HASE, AND ICHIRO TOKIMITSU

Background: The incidence of hyperlipidemia in children is increasing in Japan , but drug therapy for such children is limited. The ingestion of 4% phytosterols-containing diacylglycerol (PS/DAG) decreases serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations in adults. In the present study, we examined the effect of PS/DAG as part of a diet therapy in pediatric patients with hyperlipidemia. Methods: Pediatric patients with hyperlipidemia with ≥ 5.18mmol/L (200 mg/dL) serum total cholesterol and/or ≥1.70mmol/L (150 mg/dL) triglycerides (N = 22) ingested bread containing PS/DAG (total daily intake, 10g ) for 6 months. Blood chemistry was examined prior to and 2, 4, 6 months after the initiation of ingestion, and 4 months after the ingestion period. Results: No significant differences in energy intake or cholesterol intake during the study period were found. After 4 months of ingestion of PS/DAG, LDL-C, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], free fatty acids and total ketone bodies decreased significantly. In seven patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, total cholesterol and remnant-like lipoprotein particles (RLP)–cholesterol also significantly decreased in addition to LDL-C and Lp(a). Conclusions: PS/DAG improves serum lipid metabolism in pediatric patients with hyperlipidemia for whom drug therapy is limited, suggesting that PS/DAG may reduce the risk of developing various diseases induced by hyperlipidemia.

Key Words: diacylglycerol, phytosterols, cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), children

 

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以雙醯甘油中的植物固醇做為飲食治療的一部份對高脂血症兒童的影響

背景：日本兒童高脂血症的發生率逐漸上升，但是藥物治療對於這些兒童是有限的。成年人攝取含有4%植物固醇的雙醯甘油(PS/DAG)可降低血清總膽固醇及低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)濃度。在本研究，我們評估以PS/DAG當做飲食治療的一部份，其對患有高血脂症的小兒科病人的影響。方法：小兒科病人其血清膽固醇≥ 5.18mmol/L (200 mg/dL)或是三酸甘油酯≥1.70mmol/L (150 mg/dL)的高脂血症患者，連續攝取含有PS/DAG(每天總攝取量10公克)的麵包六個月。評估受試者在開始攝取之前及攝取後的2、4、6個月和攝取週期之後的4個月之血液生化值。結果:熱量攝取或膽固醇攝取在研究週期間都沒有顯著差異。攝取PS/DAG 4個月後，LDL-C、lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]、游離脂肪酸及總酮體量顯著降低。七名家族性高膽固醇血症病人，除了LDL-C及Lp(a)外，總膽固醇及脂蛋白粒子剩餘體-膽固醇也顯著降低。結論：PS/DAG可改善藥物治療受到限制的高脂血症小兒科病人的血清脂質代謝，本研究建議PS/DAG可能可以降低各種受到高脂血症誘導而發展的各種疾病危險性。

關鍵字:雙醯甘油、植物固醇、膽固醇、脂蛋白(a)、兒童。

 

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Anthropometric indices and life style practices of the indigenous Orang Asli adults in Lembah Belum, Grik of Peninsular Malaysia

HAYATI MOHD YUSOF, TING SIEW CHING, ROSHITA IBRAHIM AND SAFIIH LOLA?

A nutritional status survey of Orang Asli (Aboriginal) adults in Lembah Belum, Grik, has been conducted involving a total of 138 subjects. Jahai (58.7%) was the main ethnic group as compared to that of Temiar (41.3%). Based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) characteristics, the majority (63.2%) of the respondents were normal, 26.7% underweight and 10.1% were either overweight or obese. However, by using two different indices of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, 1.6% and 10.8% of the total respondents revealed abdominal obesity, respectively. Measurement of mid upper arm muscle circumference (MUAMC) indicated that about 40% showed nutritional insufficiency whereas 0.8% showed over-nutrition. Body fat classification revealed that 53.4% of  the respondents were thin, 45.8% at normal level and only 0.8% were obese. Student's t-test revealed a significant difference in anthropometric indices of body weight, height, MUAMC, triceps, biceps, MUAC, sub-scapular, supra-iliac and body fat according to gender. Meanwhile, analysis of variance showed significant differences in body weight, waist circumference, WHR and body fat according to different age categories. It was also found that those who smoked had lower BMI compared with non-smokers. Alcohol consumption was associated with higher BMI and WHR among the respondents. Pearson correlation test between anthropometric measurements and socio-economic and demographic factors showed that ethnic group was the strongest variable.  

Key Words:anthropometry, Aborigines, adult, lifestyle, Malaysia

 

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馬來西亞半島Grik，Lembah Belum, Orang Asli原住民成年人體位測量指數及生活型態的實行

 一個營養狀況調查在Grik，Lembah Belum的Orang Asli(原住民)成年人執行，共調查138名研究對象。與Temiar(41.3%)相比，Jahai(58.7%)為主要的氏族。根據BMI的特質，大多數的回應者為正常體位(63.2%)、26.7%過輕及10.1%過重或肥胖。然而，使用腰圍及腰臀圍比兩種不同的指數，分別有1.6%及10.8%的回應者有腹部肥胖的情形。上臂肌肉圍 (MUAMC) 測量指出約有40%顯示出營養不足，反之有0.8%顯示營養過剩。體脂肪分組顯示出有53.4%的回應者過瘦、45.8%正常，只有0.8%的人是肥胖。Student’s t檢定顯示男女性在體重、身高、MUAMC、三頭肌、二頭肌、MUAC、肩胛下、腸骨上及體脂肪的體位測量指數分佈均有顯著差異。同時，變異數分析顯示在不同年齡組別的體重、腰圍、WHR及體脂肪有顯著差異。而抽菸者比起非抽菸者有較低的BMI。在回應者間，酒精攝取量與較高的BMI及WHR相關。以皮爾遜積差相關檢定體位測量及社經及人口學因子，指出氏族是最強的變項。

 關鍵字：體位測量、原住民、成年人、生活型態、馬來西亞。

 

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Change in diet and body mass index in Taiwanese women with length of residence in Australia

WAN-PING LEE, JENNIFER LINGARD AND MARGARET BERMINGHAM

The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine and compare anthropometric measurements and dietary intake of Taiwanese Chinese females living in Taiwan and Australia, including any effect of length of Australian residence. Height, weight, waist and hip circumference and percent total body fat were measured and dietary intake estimated using a 7-day record. Participants were Taiwanese females without systemic disease (100 from Sydney metropolitan area, Australia, 97 from Ping-Tung County, Taiwan). Subjects in Australia had similar body mass index (weight-kg/height-m²) and percent total body fat but higher waist and hip circumference than those in Taiwan (22.9±3.0 vs. 22.8±3.1 kg/m², p >0.05; 31.4±5.8 vs. 31.0±6.2 %, p >0.05; 76.2±7.5 vs. 72.1±7.3 cm, p = 0.0001; 97.3±6.2 vs. 93.3±6.2 cm, p = 0.0001, respectively), significance unaffected by age adjustment. Total energy intake was higher in Australia (2367±574 vs. 1878±575 Kcal) as was the caloric adjusted intake of carbohydrate and saturated fat, measured as grams (342.8±91.5 vs. 264.9±91.0 g; 30.7±9.1 vs. 23.0±9.1 g) or as percentage of caloric adjusted intake (57.3±1.4 vs. 55.6±2.3 %; 12.1±0.7 vs. 11.2±1.1 %), all p < 0.001, respectively. There was a trend for anthropometric measures to increase in subjects who had lived in Australia greater than 5 years, and they also have 14 times the odds of having a waist circumference greater than 80 cm compared to those living in Australia less than 5 years (95% CI, 1.84, 112.0). The increase in waist circumference and higher energy and saturated fat intake associated with length of residence in Australia for Taiwanese females suggests an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

Key Words:  body mass index, diet, anthropometry, obesity, Chinese, Taiwanese immigrants in Australia

 

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澳洲的台灣女性飲食及身體質量指數的改變與居留時間長短的關係

這個橫斷性研究的目的為評估及比較居住在台灣及澳洲的台灣華人女性體位測量值及飲食攝取，包括居留澳洲時間長短的任何影響。測量身高、體重、腰圍、臀圍及體脂百分比，飲食攝取則以7天記錄評估。參與者為沒有系統性疾病的台灣女性(100名來自澳洲大雪梨區，97名來自台灣屏東縣)。與台灣相比，澳洲的研究對象的身體質量指數(體重-公斤/身高-公尺²)及體脂百分比相似，但是腰、臀圍則較高(分別為22.9±3.0 vs. 22.8±3.1 公斤/公尺², p> 0.05; 31.4±5.8 vs. 31.0±6.2 %, p> 0.05; 76.2±7.5 vs. 72.1±7.3 公分, p= 0.0001; 97.3±6.2 vs. 93.3±6.2 公分, p= 0.0001)，校正年齡後顯著性不受影響。澳洲研究對象有較高的總熱量攝取(2367±574 vs. 1878±575 大卡)，經過能量校正之後，醣類及飽和脂肪酸攝取克數(342.8±91.5 vs. 264.9±91.0 公克; 30.7±9.1 vs. 23.0±9.1 公克)及佔校正熱量百分比(57.3±1.4 vs. 55.6±2.3 %; 12.1±0.7 vs. 11.2±1.1 %)，所有的p<0.001。居留澳洲超過五年者其體位測量值呈現增加的趨勢，且她們腰圍大於80公分的機會為居留澳洲五年以下者的14倍(95%信賴區間 1.84-112)。對台灣女性而言，腰圍變大與居留澳洲時間長短相關的較高熱量及飽和脂肪酸攝取，指出其心血管疾病及糖尿病的危險性可能隨之增加。

關鍵字：身體質量指數、飲食、體位測量、肥胖、華人、澳洲的台灣移民。

 

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Can bioelectric impedance monitors be used to accurately estimate body fat in Chinese adults?

DUNCAN J MACFARLANE

Many laboratory-based methods exist to estimate body fat, yet few can be rapidly and easily applied to field studies. Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) has developed to include portable foot-to-foot systems that can estimate body fat during field studies, but it is unclear if the data they provide are comparable to anthropometric methods traditionally used in large epidemiological fieldwork.This study analysed the reliability and validity of three BIA devices (low, medium, and high cost), from duplicate measures of mass and percentage body fat (%BF) from 20 young Chinese. Comparisons were made to reference values of %BF derived from 38 duplicated anthropometric measurements and the mean of at least 7 regression equations. All three BIA devices were reliable, with intraclass correlation coefficients never below 0.999, whilst both technical errors of measurement and coefficients of variation (expressed as percentages) were below 1%. Validity analysis revealed all three devices significantly overestimated %BF using the standard measurement setting (no correction for athletic status) compared to the reference method: UM-022 (+3.2%, p< 0.01), BF-350 (+2.6%, p< 0.01), and TBF-410 (+2.1%, p< 0.01).When %BF was corrected for athletic status, neither the BF-350 (+0.3%, p= 0.72), nor the TBF-410 (-0.2%, p= 0.86) produced a %BF that differed significantly from the reference method. It was concluded that these three BIA devices were reliable and could be recommended as valid field measures of mass and %BF in this sample population provided the device allows a correction for athletic status.

Key Words:?validity, reliability, body composition, bioelectric impedance analysis

 

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生物電阻監測器能否準確評估成年華人的體脂肪?

現有很多以實驗室為本的測量體脂肪方法存在，但當中很少能迅速及容易地被應用到田野研究。生物電阻分析法(BIA) 己被發展成一個攜帶式腳-到-腳的系統，可以在田野研究時評估體脂肪，但是不清楚BIA的數據是否可以比得上傳統用於大型流行病學的體位測量法。本研究重複兩次測量二十名年輕華人體脂百分比(%BF)，以分析三種不同BIA儀器(低、中及高價位)的信度及效度。與衍生自三十八個重複兩次的體位測量值及最少七條迴歸方程式的平均數得到的% BF為參考值作比較 。三種BIA儀器都是可靠的(信度)，組內相關係數從未低於0.999，測量技術誤差及變異係數(以百分比表示)均低於1%。效度分析揭露出三種BIA儀器，在使用標準的測量設定(即未修正運動狀態)的情況下，與參考方法比較% BF會被顯著的高估：UM-022 (+3.2%, p< 0.01), BF-350 (+2.6%, p< 0.01), 和 TBF-410 (+2.1%, p< 0.01)。而運動狀態修正後的%BF為，不論 BF-350 (+0.3%, p = 0.72)或TBF-410 (-0.2%, p= 0.86)所計算出來的%BF 均與參考方法所得的結果沒有明顯差異。總括而言，在修正運動狀態後，這三種BIA儀器都是可靠的，可以被推薦為在這個族群的樣本中測量身體質量及% BF的有效的田野測量方法。

關鍵字：效度、信度、體組成、生物電阻分析法。

 

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Gender and socio-economic differences in BMI of secondary high school students in Ho Chi Minh city

HONG K. TANG, MICHAEL J. DIBLEY, DAVID SIBBRITT AND HANH M.T. TRAN

Objective: To assess the nutritional status of adolescents in Ho Chi Minh City , and in particular determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents across different sub groups, based on gender, household economic status and geographic location. Design: A cross-sectional survey based on a two-stage cluster sampling design. Setting: Secondary high schools in Ho Chi Minh City .Subjects: There were 1504 adolescents involved in the study, of which 50% were girls and the mean age of participants was 13.1 years. Results: Overall, 4.9% of the students were overweight and 0.6% were obese, while 13.1% of the students were underweight. The prevalence of underweight was significantly higher in boys than girls (p=0.001) and overweight and obesity were also higher in boys although these differences were not statistically significant (p=0.074). There was a much higher prevalence of overweight and obesity in students from schools in wealthy urban districts (8.2% and 0.6%, respectively) in comparison to students from schools in rural or semi-rural districts (1.6% and 0.2%, respectively) and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.001). Conclusions: A transition in nutritional status is underway in this population of adolescents where overweight and obesity are emerging as a public health problem, but underweight remains a significant problem.

Key Words:Obesity, body mass index, anthropometry, adolescent, Vietnam

 

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胡志明市初中學生BMI之性別與社經狀況差異

目的：評估胡志明市的青少年營養狀況，尤其是性別、家戶經濟狀況和地理位置各子群的青少年過重及肥胖的盛行率。設計：兩階段集束抽樣設計之橫斷性調查。地點：胡志明市初級中學。對象：共有1504名青少年參與本研究，50％為女生，平均年齡為13.1歲。結果：整體來看有4.9％學生為過重、0.6％為肥胖，而有13.1％的學生過輕。男生的過輕盛行率顯著高於女生(p<0.001)，男生的過重及肥胖也較高，雖然未達統計上顯著差異(p=0.074)。就過重或肥胖的盛行率而言，富裕城市地區的學生(分別為8.2% 及 0.6%)比起鄉村或是半鄉村地區的學生(分別為1.6% 及 0.2%)為高，且達統計顯著意義(p<0.001)。結論:這個族群的青少年營養狀況變遷正在進行中，過重及肥胖是新興的公共衛生問題，然而過輕仍然是重要的問題。

關鍵字：肥胖、身體質量指數、體位測量、青少年、越南。

 

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Intervention with traditional food as a major source of energy, protein, iron, vitamin C and vitamin A for rural Dalit mothers and young children in Andhra Pradesh, South India

MARTINA SCHMID, BUDURU SALOMEYESUDAS, PERIYAPATNA SATHEESH, JAMES HANLEY AND HARRIET KUHNLEIN

Intakes of energy, protein, iron and vitamin A in India are usually reported as inadequate. Recognizing that traditional food systems are sustainable, high in species variety, and have rich nutrient sources, we compared dietary intakes and nutrient sources of Dalit mothers and their children living in villages with and without an intervention based on improved access to the traditional Dalit food system. 24-hour recalls were conducted with Dalit mothers and their children aged 6-39 months during summer and rainy seasons in 2003. We found that mothers from intervention villages had significantly higher intakes of energy (mean ± SD: 12,197 ± 3,515 kJ vs. 11,172 ± 3,352 kJ; p= 0.02) and protein (77.5 ± 25.1 g vs. 71.1 ± 25.2 g; p= 0.05) in summer, and higher intakes of energy (11,168 ± 3,335 kJ vs. 10,168 ± 3,730 kJ; p= 0.04), protein (68.9 ± 22.6 g vs. 60.4 ± 23.8 g; p<0.01) and iron (15.8 ± 6.6 mg vs. 13.7 ± 9.1 mg; p<0.01) during rainy season. There were no differences in children’s intakes between intervention and control villages. In mothers, sorghum contributed 29% of energy, 33% of protein and 53% of iron, and green leafy vegetables contributed 21% of vitamin C and 38% of vitamin A. Our results indicate that traditional food such as sorghum, pulses and green leafy vegetables are major sources of energy, protein, iron, vitamin C and vitamin A, and that mothers from villages with the traditional food intervention had higher intakes of energy, protein and iron.

Key Words: food-based intervention, malnutrition, India, Indigenous Peoples, Dalit

 

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以傳統食物當作主要熱量、蛋白質、鐵質、維生素C及A來源介入印度南部Andhra Pradesh鄉下的Dalit 母親及幼童

在印度，熱量、蛋白質、鐵質及維生素A的攝取通常被報告為不足。為確認傳統食物系統是能持久，多樣性高及富含營養素。我們比較居住在有無介入改善傳統Dalit食物系統可近性的村落中的Dalit母親及他們的小孩之飲食攝取及營養素來源在2003年夏季及雨季，以24小時回憶法評估Dalit母親及他們6-39個月大的小孩。我們發現在介入村落的母親，在夏季的熱量(平均值±標準差:12,129±3,515 KJ vs. 11,172 ± 3,352 kJ; p = 0.02) 及蛋白質 (77.5 ± 25.1 g vs. 71.1 ± 25.2 g; p= 0.05)顯著較高，在雨季則熱量(11,168 ± 3,335 kJ vs. 10,168 ± 3,730 kJ; p= 0.04)，蛋白質 (68.9 ± 22.6 g vs. 60.4 ± 23.8 g; p<0.01) 及鐵質(15.8 ± 6.6 mg vs. 13.7 ± 9.1 mg; p<0.01)攝取較多。幼童部分不論是介入村落或是控制組村落之間均沒有差異。母親方面，29%的熱量、33%的蛋白質及53%的鐵質來自高粱；21%的維生素C及38%的維生素A來自綠色蔬菜。我們的結果指出，如高粱、豆類植物及綠色蔬菜等傳統食物是熱量、蛋白質、鐵質、維生素C及維生素A的主要來源，而那些有傳統食物介入的村落母親有較高的熱量、蛋白質及鐵質的攝取。

關鍵字：食物基礎介入、營養不良、印度、原住民、Dalit。

 

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Impact of vitamin A supplementation on health status and absenteeism of school children in Sri Lanka

SANATH THUSHARA CHAMAKARA MAHAWITHANAGE, KANNANGARA KORALALAGE NALIN PRIYADARSHANA KANNANGARA, RENU WICKREMASINGHE, UDUMALAGALA GAMAGE CHANDRIKA, ERROL R JANSZ, NADIRA DARSHANI KARUNAWEERA AND ANANDA RAJITHA WICKREMASINGHE

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Vitamin A supplementation on health status and absenteeism of school children. A randomized double blind placebo controlled trial over a period of 13 months was conducted in a rural area of Sri Lanka involving 613 school children attending Grades 1-5 (aged 5 to 13 years). Children were assigned to either 200,000 IU of Vitamin A (n=297) or placebo (n=316) once every 4 months. Socio-demographic data were obtained at baseline, and anthropometry and haemoglobin concentrations were assessed at baseline and post intervention. Serum vitamin A concentrations were assayed by HPLC in a subgroup of children (n=193) before administration of each dose. School absenteeism was recorded. The two groups of children were similar at baseline in all variables. The subgroup of children was comparable to the main study population. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (<20 mg/dL) in the subgroup of children was 8.2%. Changes in anthropometric indices and haemoglobin concentrations were similar in the two groups. Vitamin A concentrations improved with each dose and the improvement was greater with better compliance. Vitamin A supplementation with 200,000 IU every 4 months over 13 months improved vitamin A status and school attendance but not anthropometric status of these children.

Key Words:  Vitamin A supplementation, health status, school absenteeism, school children, Sri Lanka

 

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維生素A的補充對於斯里蘭卡學童的健康狀況及曠課的影響

本研究的目的為評估維生素A的補充對學童的健康狀況及曠課的影響。本研究為一個為期13個月的隨機雙盲安慰劑控制試驗，對象為613名斯里蘭卡鄉下1-5年級的學童(年齡5-13歲)。將兒童分派為補充維生素A 200,000 IU (n=297)或是安慰劑組(n=316)，每四個月一次。社會人口學變項在研究之初收集，體位資料及血紅素濃度在研究之初及介入後評估。採用HPLC分析子群的學童(n=193) 每一次劑量施予之前的血清維生素A濃度。紀錄學校曠課的情形。兩組學童在研究之初的所有變項均類似。子群學童與主要研究族群可以類比。子群的維生素A缺乏(<20 mg/dL)盛行率為8.2%。兩組學童的體位測量指標及血紅素濃度的改變量相似。曠課的主要原因為非健康因素，補充學童因為疾病曠課的天數較安慰劑組的學童少(p＝0.053)。維生素A濃度隨著每一個劑量而改善，而順從度較好者改善愈多。為期13個月的每四個月補充維生素A 200,000 IU改善維生素A營養狀況及學校出席狀況，但對體位沒有影響。

關鍵字：維生素A補充、健康狀況、學校曠課、學童、斯里蘭卡。

 

 

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Oral vitamin B12 supplementation reduces plasma total homocysteine concentration in women in India 

CHITTARANJAN S YAJNIK, HIMANGI G LUBREE, NILEEMA V THUSE, LALITA V RAMDAS, SWAPNA S DESHPANDE, VAISHALI U DESHPANDE, JYOTI A DESHPANDE, BHAGYASHREE S URADEY, ANJALI A GANPULE, SADANAND S NAIK, NIRANJAN P JOSHI, HANNAH FARRANT AND HELGA REFSUM

People in India have a high prevalence of low vitamin B12 status and high plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations.  In a proof of principle trial, we studied the effect of oral vitamin B12 (500 µg) and/or 100 g cooked green leafy vegetables (GLV) every alternate day in a 2x2 factorial design over a 6-week period. Forty-two non-pregnant vegetarian women (age 20-50 years) were randomly allocated to four study groups. Clinical measurements were made at the beginning and at the end of the study, and blood samples were collected before, and 2 and 6 weeks after commencement of intervention. Forty women completed the trial. Twenty-six women had low vitamin B12 status (<150 pmol/L) and 24 had hyperhomocysteinemia (>15 mmol/L). GLV supplementation did not alter plasma folate or tHcy. Vitamin B12 supplementation increased plasma vitamin B12 concentration (125 to 215pmol/L, p<0.05) and reduced tHcy concentration (18.0 to 13.0 mmol/L, p<0.05) within first 2 weeks, both of which remained stable for the next 4 weeks. Plasma vitamin B12 and tHcy concentrations did not change in those who did not receive vitamin B12, and there was no change in plasma folate concentration in any of the groups. Blood haemoglobin concentration increased marginally within first two weeks in those women who received vitamin B12 (by 3 g/L, p<0.05) and the number of women with macrocytosis decreased from 2 to zero. There was no change in vibration sensory threshold during the period of the study.  High-dose per oral vitamin B12 supplementation significantly reduced plasma tHcy within 2 weeks but did not achieve normal plasma tHcy concentration even after 6 weeks.

Key words: vitamin B12, total homocysteine, folate, supplementation, India

 

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口服維生素B₁₂補充劑可降低印度婦女血漿總同半胱胺酸濃度

印度的人民低維生素B₁₂ 狀況及高血漿總同半胱胺酸(tHcy)盛行率極高。在一個以證據原則的試驗，採用2×2因子設計，我們研究為期六週隔日口服維生素B₁₂ (500 µg) 或100g熟的綠色蔬菜(GLV)的效應。42名未懷孕素食婦女(年齡20-50歲)被隨機分配到四個研究組別。在研究的最初及結束時作臨床檢測，在介入之前、介入開始後兩週及六週收集研究對象的血樣。共有40名婦女完成此試驗。26名女性為低維生素B₁₂(<150 pmol/L)、24名為高同半胱胺酸血症(>15 mmol/L)。GLV的補充沒有改變血漿葉酸或是tHcy。維生素B₁₂補充劑使血漿維生素B₁₂濃度增加(125到215pmol/L，p<0.05)，並在最開始的二週內降低tHcy濃度(18.0-13.0mmol/L， p<0.05)，上述兩者在接下來的四週均維持穩定。血漿維生素B₁₂及tHcy濃度在沒有接受維生素B₁₂的組別中則是沒有變化，而血漿葉酸在任何組別中均沒有改變。接受維生素B₁₂補充劑的婦女，在頭二週的血中血紅素濃度有微量的上升(約 3 g/L, p<0.05)，巨紅血球症的婦女性人數從2降為0。在研究期間沒有震動知覺閾值的改變。補充口服高劑量維生素B₁₂可以在兩週內顯著降低血漿tHcy，但是即使在六週後仍無法達到正常血漿tHcy的濃度。

關鍵字：維生素B₁₂，總同半胱胺酸、葉酸、補充劑、印度。

 

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Metabolic fate of intravenously administered N-acetylneuraminic acid-6-¹⁴C in newborn piglets

BING WANG, JEFF A DOWNING, PETER PETOCZ, JENNIE BRAND-MILLER AND WAYNE L BRYDEN

Background: Sialic acid (N-acetylneuraminic acid), a component of gangliosides and sialylglycoproteins, may be a conditional nutrient in early life because endogenous synthesis is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the metabolic fate of intravenously administrated N-acetylneuraminic acid 6¹⁴C (sialic acid) in piglets. Method: Three-day-old male domestic piglets (Sus scrofa) were injected via the jugular vein with 5 µCi (11-12x10⁶ cpm) of N-acetylneuraminic acid-6¹⁴C (specific activity of 55 mCi/mmol).  Blood samples were collected at regular intervals over the next 120 min. The organs were then removed and the urine collected for determination of residual radioactivity. Results: Within 2 min of injection, 80% of the activity was removed from the blood and by 120 min the remaining activity approached 8%. At 120 min, the brain contained significantly more radioactivity (cpm/g tissue) than the liver, pancreas, heart and spleen, but less than the kidneys. Within the brain, the percentage of total injected activity was highest in the cerebrum (0.175 ± 0.008) followed by the cerebellum (0.0295 ± 0.006, p = 0.00006) and the thalamus (0.029 ± 0.006, p = 0.00003). Conclusions: An exogenous source of sialic acid is capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and being taken up into various tissues. The findings suggest that dietary sources of sialic acid may contribute to early brain development in newborn mammals.

Key Words:  N-acetylneuraminic acid 6 ¹⁴C, intravenous administration, brain, metabolic fate, newborn piglets

 

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以靜脈注射放射性6-¹⁴C标记的N-乙酰神经氨酸在新生猪里的代谢情形

摘要：唾液酸(Sialic Acid)(N-acetylneuraminic acid，N-乙酰神经氨酸)是神经节苷脂(ganglioside)和唾液酸糖蛋白(sialylglycoprotein)的组成成分之一。在生命初期，因为内源合成的唾液酸有限，唾液酸可能是一种重要的条件营养素。该研究的目的是调查经静脉注射、带放射性6-¹⁴C标记的N-乙酰神经氨酸(唾液酸)在新生猪里的代谢途径。方法：通过颈静脉注射5 µCi (11-12x106 cpm)的6－¹⁴C-N-乙酰神经氨酸(比活度为55 mCi/mmol)到三天大的雄性新生猪（Sus scrofa）里。在注射后的120分钟内定时抽取血样。120分钟后取出器官并且收集尿样来测定残留的放射性。结果：在注射后两分钟内，血样中的放射性的6－¹⁴C标记的N-乙酰神经氨酸减少了80%，而在120分钟后，血样中残余的放射性下降至接近8%。在注射后120分钟的时候，脑部里的放射性(cpm/g 组织)比肝脏、胰腺、心脏和脾里的放射性显著要高，但是却比肾脏里的要低。在脑部里，大脑含有注射的总放射性的百分比最高(0.175±0.0080)，随之是小脑(0.0295±0.006, p= 0.00006)和丘脑(0.029±0.006, p= 0.00003)。结论：外源性游离唾液酸可以穿过血脑屏障(blood brain barrier)并且可以进入各种组织。这些发现表明从饮食中摄取的唾液酸可能有助于新生哺乳动物的早期脑部发育。

關鍵字：N-乙醯神經氨酸 6¹⁴C，靜脈注射，大腦，代謝情形、新生小豬。

 

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Effects of wheat flour fortified with different iron fortificants on iron status and anemia prevalence in iron deficient anemic students in Northern China

JING SUN, JIAN HUANG, WENXIAN LI, LIJUAN WANG, ANXU WANG, JUNSHENG HUO,  JUNSHI CHEN AND CHUNMING CHEN

Objectives: To compare the effects of wheat flours fortified with NaFeEDTA, FeSO₄ and elemental iron (electrolytic iron), in improving iron status in anemic students. Methods: Four hundreds anemic students (11 to 18 years old) were divided into four groups and given wheat flour fortified with different iron fortificants at different concentrations: control group (no added iron); NaFeEDTA group (20 mg Fe/kg); FeSO₄ group (30 mg Fe/kg); and elemental iron group (60 mg Fe/kg). The trial lasted for 6 months and the following parameters were examined every 2 months: whole blood hemoglobin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, serum ferritin, serum iron, total iron binding capacity and transferrin receptor. Results: The flour consumption in the 4 groups was 300-400 g/person/day, accounted for 70% of total cereal consumption in the diets. There were no significant differences in flour consumption among the 4 groups. Blood hemoglobin level increased in all the 3 intervened groups, but the increment in the NaFeEDTA group was significantly higher and earlier than the other 2 groups; and only 1% of the subjected remained anemic at the end of the trial in the NaFeEDTA group, while 40% and 60% of the subjects in the FeSO₄ and electrolytic iron group remained anemic, respectively. The order of improvements in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, serum ferritin and transferring receptor levels were: NaFeEDTA > FeSO₄ > electrolytic iron. No significant changes were found in the control group on all the tested parameters during the trial. Conclusions: The results indicated that even when NaFeEDTA was added at a lower level, it has better effects than FeSO₄ and elemental iron in controlling iron deficiency anemia and improving iron status in anemic children; while elemental iron was the least effective.

Key Words:  NaFeEDTA, FeSO₄, elementary iron, iron deficiency anemia, wheat flour, food fortification

 

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不同铁剂强化面粉在中国北方改善贫血学生铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血效果

铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血是全球关注的营养问题之一，它具有很多反面效果：致使婴儿死亡率增加，儿童身体和智力发展迟缓，成人生产力下降和易感染等。目前普遍认为食物强化是控制铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血的最为经济、有效、可行的营养干预方式，在许多国家已经开始实行面粉强化。一些专家认为元素铁的吸收率和生物利用率都很低，但是元素铁还是因为其低廉的价格而在面粉强化中广泛使用，此外，硫酸亚铁也被普遍应用。最近NaFeEDTA已经被使用在一些食物强化项目中，包括中国的酱油强化和越南的鱼酱强化。在这两个项目中，改善贫血和铁缺乏的生物利用率和效果都是很振奋人心的。本试验的目的为比较以NaFeEDTA、硫酸亚铁和元素铁（电解质铁）强化面粉改善铁缺乏和缺铁性贫血的效果，为面粉强化选择最合适的铁剂。本试验从河南省南洋市4所学校的4,500名学生中筛选出409名贫血学生（11到18岁），并将这些学生分为4组：食用不同剂量的不同铁剂的强化面粉，对照组（不额外加铁）；NaFeEDTA组 (20 mg Fe/kg)；硫酸亚铁组(30 mg Fe/kg)和元素铁组 (60 mg Fe/kg)，四组学生来源于同一地区相近的4所学校，具有相同的经济条件，生活方式和膳食水平。试验持续6个月，所研究指标每两个月检测一次，指标包括：血红蛋白，原卟啉，血清铁，铁蛋白，总铁结合力和转铁蛋白受体。试验结果显示：在四组试验人群中，面粉摄入量是300-400 g/人/天，占总膳食谷物摄入量的70%，四组试验人群面粉摄入量没有显著性差别。干预6个月后，对照组的血红蛋白没有发生显著性变化。而NaFeEDTA组在干预2个月后血红蛋白开始增长且在干预期间持续增长。FeSO₄在干预4个月后开始增长，且在整个干预阶段持续增长。在干预6个月实验结束后，FeSO4组的血红蛋白水平明显低于NaFeEDTA组。元素铁组的血红蛋白在干预6个月后有所增长，增长幅度明显低于FeSO4和NaFeEDTA组。在实验末期，NaFeEDTA 组仅有1%的学生贫血，而硫酸亚铁组和元素铁组分别有40%和60%的实验对象仍然贫血。原卟啉，血清铁，铁蛋白，总铁结合力，转铁蛋白受体水平改善幅度分别是：NaFeEDTA 组>硫酸亚铁组>电解质铁组。对照组所有的参数在试验期间均没有发生显著性的变化。实验结果说明NaFeEDTA在添加量很低的水平下比硫酸亚铁和元素铁在改善贫血和铁缺乏上有更好的效果，而元素铁的效果是最差的。

關鍵字：NaFeEDTA, FeSO₄,元素铁，铁缺乏贫血，面粉，食物强化

 

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Salt usage behaviors are related to urinary sodium excretion in normotensive Korean adults

HYUN JU KIM, HEE YOUNG PAIK, SIM YEOL LEE, JAE EUN SHIM AND YOUNG SIK KIM
High sodium intake is considered to be the major risk factor for hypertension but studies about sodium intake on prevention and management of hypertension is limited due to the difficulties in assessment of sodium intake. Dietary sodium comes not only from naturally occurring sodium in foods but also from the added sodium during processing, cooking and at the table. Present study was conducted to identify salt usage behavior questions related to urinary sodium excretion among normotensive adult Koreans. The test version of the salt usage questionnaire included six items of salt usage behaviors and nine items of high salt containing foods. A survey was conducted in 189 adults over 18 years of age in three age groups in both genders. Each participant answered the questionnaire and collected one 24-hour urine and urine samples were analyzed for sodium contents. Correlation analyses between scores of the questions and sodium excretion in 24-hour urine were performed to identify question items related to sodium excretion. Among fifteen questions, scores of three questions on salt usage behaviors were significantly correlated to urinary sodium excretion (r=0.17~0.19; p <0.05) and the sum of scores of the three questions showed higher correlation coefficients. (r=0.26, p <0.001) The salt usage behavior questions developed in this study would be useful in predicting sodium intake and in studying the relationship between sodium intake and health among Korean adults.

Key Words:  Sodium intake, urinary sodium excretion, Salt usage behavior

 

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正常血壓韓國成年人鹽使用行為與尿鈉排泄相關

攝取高鈉被認為是高血壓的主要危險因子，但研究關於鈉攝取對於預防及高血壓管理卻相當有限，肇因於評估鈉攝取的困難。飲食中鈉的來源不只是食物中天然鈉的來源，還來自食物加工、烹煮及用餐時添加的鈉。本研究探討正常血壓韓國成年人其鹽使用行為問題與尿鈉排泄的相關性。鹽使用問卷的測試版本包含6題鹽使用行為及9題含高鹽食物。本調查對象共189名，18歲以上，分三個年齡組，男女都有。每位研究對象回答問卷，並收集一次24小時尿液，分析尿液樣本鈉量。以相關分析問卷計分及24小時尿鈉排泄量，確認問卷與鈉排泄的相關。在15個題目中，有3個鹽使用行為與尿鈉排泄量達顯著相關(r=0.17~0.19; p<0.05)，這3個問題的總分呈現較高的相關係數(r=0.26，p<0.001)。本研究所發展的鹽使用行為問題可以用於預測鈉攝取量及鈉攝取與健康的韓國成年人的研究中。

關鍵字：鈉攝取、尿鈉排泄量、鹽使用行為。

 

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Establishment of an isoflavone database for usual Korean foods and evaluation of isoflavone intake among Korean children

MIN KYUNG PARK, YOON JU SONG, HYOJEE JOUNG, SHAN-JI LI, HEE YOUNG PAIK

Asian populations including Koreans are assumed to have a higher isoflavone intake due to the higher consumption of soybean. However, it is difficult to estimate isoflavone intake because there is no isoflavone database in Korea. In this study, an isoflavone database was established with systematic review. Literature with analytical values of Korean soybeans and its products were collected and evaluated to establish an isoflavone database. A total of 142 food items containing isoflavones were selected among 2,932 food items in the Korean Nutrient Database. Among these, only 25 food items were evaluated with analytical values and the remaining 98 items were replaced with adaptations or calculations from similar items. Dietary intake of isoflavones was assessed for 426 boys and 365 girls aged 8 to 11 years with 3-day food records. The daily mean isoflavone intake was 8.3 mg among boys and 7.2 mg among girls. More than 70% of subjects had a daily isoflavone intake below 10 mg. The most contributory food item to the isoflavone intake among adolescents was tofu in quantity and soybean sauce in frequency. This database could be used to estimate isoflavone intakes from dietary data among various populations and to evaluate the relationships between isoflavone intake and chronic disease.

Key Words: isoflavone database, isoflavone intake, evaluation, children, Korea

 

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建立韓國常用食品異黃酮資料庫並評估韓國兒童異黃酮的攝取量

緣於黃豆攝取量較高，亞洲族群包含韓國被認為有較高的異黃酮攝取。然而，在韓國因為沒有異黃酮的資料庫，所以難以評估異黃酮攝取量。本研究以系統回顧的方式建立異黃酮資料庫。收集並評估文獻中韓國黃豆及其製品的分析數值，以建立異黃酮的資料庫。從韓國營養素資料庫的2932個食物項目中選出142個含異黃酮食物。其中，只有25個食物項目有分析數值，剩下的98個項目是採用適當的數值替代或是計算自相似的項目。評估年齡在8至11歲的426名男孩及365名女孩，其三天食物記錄的異黃酮飲食攝取量。男孩每日平均異黃酮攝取量為8.3mg，女孩為7.2mg。超過70％的研究對象每日異黃酮攝取量低於10mg。青少年大部分異黃酮攝取量的主要來源為豆腐，攝取頻率較多的則為醬油。此資料庫可以依據不同族群的飲食資料，評估異黃酮的攝取量及評估異黃酮攝取量與慢性疾病之間的相關性。

關鍵字：異黃酮資料庫、異黃酮攝取量、評估、小孩、韓國。

 

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Content of a novel online collection of traditional east African food habits (1930s – 1960s): data collected by the Max-Planck-Nutrition Research Unit, Bumbuli , Tanzania

VERENA RASCHKE, ULRICH OLTERSDORF, IBRAHIM ELMADFA, MARK L. WAHLQVIST, BIRINDER S. B. CHEEMA AND ANTIGONE KOURIS-BLAZOS

Background: Knowledge of traditional African foods and food habits has been, and continues to be, systematically extirpated.  With the primary intent of collating data for our online collection documenting traditional African foods and food habits (available at: www.healthyeatingclub.com/Africa/), we reviewed the Oltersdorf Collection, 75 observational investigations conducted throughout East Africa (i.e. Tanzania, Kenya, and Uganda) between the 1930s and 1960s as compiled by the Max Planck Nutrition Research Unit, formerly located in Bumbuli, Tanzania.  Methods: Data were categorized as follows:  (1) food availability, (2) chemical composition, (3) staple foods (i.e. native crops, cereals, legumes, roots and tubers, vegetables, fruits, spices, oils and fats, beverages, and animal foods), (4) food preparation and culture, and (5) nutrient intake and health status indicators.  Results: Many of the traditional foods identified, including millet, sorghum, various legumes, root and tubers, green leafy vegetables, plant oils and wild meats have known health benefits.  Food preparatory practices during this period, including boiling and occasional roasting are superior to current practices which favor frying and deep-frying.  Overall, our review and data extraction provide reason to believe that a diversified diet was possible for the people of East Africa during this period (1930s-1960s).  Conclusions: There is a wealth of knowledge pertaining to traditional East African foods and food habits within the Oltersdorf Collection.  These data are currently available via our online collection.  Future efforts should contribute to collating and honing knowledge of traditional foods and food habits within this region, and indeed throughout the rest of Africa.  Preserving and disseminating this knowledge may be crucial for abating projected trends for non-communicable diseases and malnutrition in Africa and abroad.

Key words: Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, indigenous, staple foods, beverages, diet, culture

 

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新線上收集傳統東非飲食習慣目錄(1930年-1960年)：坦尚尼亞BumbuliMax-Planck-營養研究單位收集的資料

背景：傳統非洲食物及飲食習慣的知識已經持續而系統性的消失中。為了核對四個經由線上收集紀錄傳統非洲食物及飲食習慣資料(可見於www.healthyeatingclub.com/Africa/)的主要目的，我們檢閱由先前位於坦尚尼亞Bumbuli 的Max Planck 營養研究中心所彙編的1930年代-1960年代期間75個在東非(即坦尚尼亞、肯亞及烏干達) 執行的觀察性研究的Oltersdorf collection 。方法:資料按以下原則分組：(1)食物可獲性 (2)化學組成 (3)主要食物(例如天然作物、穀類、豆科植物、根莖及塊莖、蔬菜、水果、香料、油脂、飲料及動物性食物) (4)食物製備及文化(5)營養素攝取及健康狀況指標。結果：找出很多傳統食物，包含小米、高梁、各種豆類、根莖及塊莖、綠葉蔬菜、植物油及被認為對健康有益的野生肉類。在這段期間食物的製備方式，包含煮沸及偶爾的烤焙均優於油煎及油炸。整體來說，我們的檢閱及資料萃取提供了理由讓我們相信在這個期間(1930-1960年代)東非人可能有多樣化的飲食。結論:在這個Oltersdorf collection有關於傳統東非食物及飲食習慣豐富知識。這些資料目前可以透過我們的線上收集獲得。未來應該致力於貢獻在這個區域的傳統食物及飲食習慣知識的核對，確實貫穿非洲其他部分。保存及傳播這些知識，對於減弱預期中非洲及其他國家國非傳撥性疾病及營養不良的趨勢是具決定性的。

關鍵字:坦尚尼亞、肯亞、烏干達、土著、主食、飲料、飲食、文化。

 

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Sub clinical vitamin A deficiency and anemia among Vietnamese children less than five years of age

NGUYEN CONG KHAN, NGUYEN XUAN NINH, NGUYEN VAN NHIEN, HA HUY KHOI, CLIVE E WEST AND JOSEPH GAJ HAUTVAST

The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of sub clinical vitamin A deficiency and anemia in Vietnamese children. For this, a cross-sectional survey was conducted in 40 villages (clusters) of four ecological regions in Vietnam during Apr-May 2001. In total 1657 children less than 5 years old were included by a cluster random sampling method.  The prevalence of sub clinical vitamin A deficiency (serum retinol <0.70 μmol/L) was 12.0% and the prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <110g/L) was 28.4 %.  In the children under 6 months the prevalence of sub clinical vitamin A deficiency was 35.1 % whereas the prevalence of anemia in this group was as high as 61.7%. The prevalence of children with both sub clinical vitamin A deficiency and anemia was 6.1%. Sub clinical vitamin A deficiency and anemia prevalence differed significantly across the regions, with highest prevalence in the Northern Mountainous areas for vitamin A deficiency and in the Northern Mountainous area and Mekong River Delta for anemia.  It is concluded that sub clinical vitamin A deficiency and anemia are still important public health problems in Vietnam. Sustainable strategies for combating vitamin A deficiency and nutritional anemia are needed and should concentrate on target groups, especially infants and malnourished children in high risk regions.

Key Words: Vitamin A deficiency, Anemia, children urban, rural Prevalence, Vietnam

 

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五歲以下越南兒童之亞臨床維生素A缺乏及貧血

本研究的目的為評估越南兒童亞臨床維生素A缺乏及貧血的盛行率。為此，在2001年4月到5月，越南4個生態區的40個村落(聚集)執行了一個橫斷性調查。以集束隨機抽樣法，選入1657名五歲以下兒童。亞臨床維生素A缺乏(血清視網醇<0.70 μmol/L)的盛行率為12%，貧血的盛行率為28.4%(血紅素<110g/L)。六個月以下嬰兒之亞臨床維生素A缺乏盛行率為35.1%，這個族群之貧血盛行率高達61.7%。兒童亞臨床維生素A缺乏及貧血兩者都有的盛行率為6.1%。亞臨床維生素A缺乏及貧血的盛行率在不同的地區有顯著差異，北部山區維生素A缺乏盛行率較高，而北部山區及湄公河三角洲貧血盛行率較高。總結，亞臨床維生素A缺乏及貧血在越南仍然是重要的公共衛生問題。我們需要永續的政策，並集中在目標族群來解決維生素A缺乏及營養性貧血，尤其是處在高危險地區的嬰兒及營養不良的兒童。

關鍵字：維生素A缺乏、貧血、兒童市區鄉村盛行率、越南。

 

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Vitamin A status of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in Northern Thailand

PRASONG TIENBOON AND PRASIT WANGPAKAPATTANAWONG

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is the most common cause of child­hood blindness in the developing world.  It is estimated that by giving adequate vitamin A, in vitamin A deficient populations, child mortality from measles can be reduced by 50%, and mortality from diarrheal disease by 40%.  Overall mortality in children 6-59 months of age can be reduced by 23%.  This paper reported results from a study of vitamin A status and malnutrition of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in the north of Thailand.   All children aged 1-6 years (N = 158; 83 boys, 75 girls) from the three Karen villages (Mae Hae Tai, Mae Yot, Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district in the north of Thailand were studied. The Karen is the largest mountain ethnic minority (“hill tribe”) group in Thailand.  All children were examined by a qualified medical doctor and were assessed for their vitamin A intakes using 24 hours dietary recall.  Thai food composition table from Ministry of Health, Thailand were used as references.  The results were compared with the Thai Recommended Dietary Allowances.  Children aged 1-3 years and 4-6 years were separately analysed due to the differences in Thai Recommended Dietary Allowances between the two age groups.  A whole blood of 300 mL was obtained by “fingerstick” for determination of serum vitamin A.  Community or village’s vitamin A status was assessed by using Simplified Dietary Assessment (SDA) method and Helen Keller International (HKI) food frequency method.  Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data.   All families of the study boys and girls had income lower than the Thailand poverty line (US $ 1,000/year).  On average, 63% of children from Mae Hae Tai village, 1.5% of children from Mae Yot village and none of children from Mae Raek village had serum vitamin A <0.7 mmol/L which indicated VAD.  All boys and only girls from Mae Raek village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA but girls from Mae Hae Tai village and Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A less than the Thai RDA.  Both boys and girls from Mae Raek village and also girls from Mae Yot village consumed vitamin A more than the Thai RDA.  Using SDA and HKI methods to assess vitamin A status of the villages to see whether VAD is a village's nutritional problem, it was found that all children from the three villages were at risk of VAD.  In order to improve vitamin A status of the Karen children in Mae Chaem district, recommendations were made as follow: (1) increased use of fat and oil, particularly in areas with high risk of VAD; (2) more general work with Karen communities on how children’s diets might be improved in a culturally acceptable manner, so as to bring vitamin A consumption closer to recommended allowance level.

Key Words: Nutritional status, Diet, Vitamin A, Intakes, Vitamins, Malnutrition, Karen, Children, Hill tribe, Thailand

 

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泰國北部Karen山區部落的少數種族1-6歲兒童維生素A營養狀況

維生素A缺乏(VAD)是開發中世界最常見兒童失明的原因。據估計在維生素A缺乏的族群，給予適量的維生素A可以降低兒童50%痲疹死亡率及40%腹瀉性疾病死亡率。並可降低23% 6-59個月大的兒童總死亡率。本文報告的結果泰國北部Karen山區部落少數族群1-6歲兒童的維生素A營養狀況及營養不良的情形。泰國北部湄蔣縣的三個Karen部落(Mae Hae Tai, Mae Yot, Mae Raek) 1-6歲兒童(N=158；83名男孩，75名女孩) 均納入研究。Karen是泰國比較大的山區少數民族(“山區部落”)。所有的兒童經過合格的醫生評估，並使用24小時飲食回憶評估他們維生素A的攝取量。以泰國衛生部食物成分表為參考。結果與泰國的膳食建議攝取量作比較。泰國對1-3歲及4-6歲這兩個年齡層的兒童有不同的膳食建議攝取量，故在分析時也將兩組分開。使用“指尖取血”收集300μL的全血以測量血清中維生素A。社區或是村落的維生素A營養狀況評估採用簡易膳食評估(SDA)方法及海倫凱勒國際基金會(HKI)食物頻率方法評估。採用描述性統計分析數據。參與研究的男孩及女孩的家庭收入均低於泰國的貧窮線(1,000美元/年)。平均63%Mae Hae Tai村落的兒童及1.5%Mae Yot村落的兒童血清維生素A<0.7mmol/L，即為VAD，至於Mae Paek的兒童則沒有VAD。所有的男孩與Mae Paek村落的女孩其維生素A攝取量超過泰國的RDA，但是Mae Hae Tai村落及Mae Yot村落的女孩維生素A攝取量則低於泰國的RDA。所有Mae Paek的男女孩，與Mae Yot村落的女孩維生素A攝取量超過泰國的RDA。以SDA及HKI方法評估維生素A營養狀況，探討VAD是否為村落中的營養問題，本研究發現這三個村落的兒童均有VDA的危險性。為了改善湄蔣縣Karen兒童的維生素A營養狀況，建議可以實行以下幾點方法: (1)增加油脂的使用，尤其是VAD高危險地區；(2)在Karen社區中，更一般性的工作應該是如何以文化可接受的方式去改善兒童飲食，以使維生素A的攝取量可以趨近建議量。

關鍵字：營養狀況、飲食、維生素A、攝取、維生素、營養不良、Karen、兒童、山區部落、泰國。

 

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Decision to breastfeed and early cessation of breastfeeding in infants below 6 months old – a population-based study of 3,204 infants in Hong Kong

WARREN T K LEE, ERIC WONG, SUSAN SH LUI, VERONICA CHAN AND JOSEPH LAU

Breastfeeding rate has been low in Hong Kong over the last three decades. This has happened with concomitant rapid economic development and improved living standards. A population-based survey was conducted to evaluate factors influencing decision, duration and early cessation of breastfeeding in 3,204 full-term healthy infants under 6 months throughout Hong Kong in 1993. A self-administered questionnaire was used. The overall percentage of breastfed infants was particularly low (9.6%), 36.1% had already given up breastfeeding and were being formula-fed (FFBF), 54.3% have been exclusively formula-fed since birth. The proportion of breastfed infants in the 5^th month was even lower than in the 1^st month (4.2% vs. 14.7%). Mothers who sustained breastfeeding tended to have parity ≥2, were less educated, housewives and residing in Hong Kong <5 years when compared to FFBF mothers (p<0.009). Husbands had a decisive role on wives initiating breastfeeding while health-professionals had an influence on early switching to FFBF (p<0.003). More breastfeeding mothers perceived breastfeeding benefits than FFBF mothers (p<0.03).  The Cox proportional hazard model showed that mother’s residency status ≥5-year (HR=2.4), working mothers (HR=1.5) and health-professionals’ opinions (HR=1.5) were associated with an early cessation of breastfeeding (p<0.001). However, strengthening immunity (HR=0.67) and parity ≥2 (HR=0.72) helped sustain breastfeeding (p<0.001). To conclude, the proportion of breastfed infants was low in Hong Kong in the early 1990s. Major factors associated with the decision to breastfeed and early cessation of breastfeeding were identified which would help formulate an inter-disciplinary approach for promotion of breastfeeding up-to 6 months and beyond.

Key Words: breastfeeding, formula feeding, cessation of breastfeeding, infants, Hong Kong

 

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六個月以下的嬰兒哺餵母乳及早期斷奶之決定-香港3204名嬰兒母群研究

香港的哺餵母乳率在過去三十年持續的低。這個現象伴隨著經濟快速發展及生活水準改善。1993年進行一個以香港3204名六個月以下的足月產的健康嬰兒為母群的調查，評估影響哺餵母乳決定、哺餵期間及提早斷奶的因素。採用自填式問卷。哺餵母乳的嬰兒整體百分比非常低(9.6%)，36.1%已經放棄哺餵母乳並已經使用配方奶餵食(FFBF)，54.3%從出生即餵食配方奶。第五個月比起第一個月哺餵母乳的百分比更低(4.2% vs. 14.7%)。會持續哺餵母乳的母親比起哺餵配方奶的母親，傾向於生育≧2次、教育程度較低、家庭主婦及定居香港少於五年(p<0.009)。丈夫在妻子開始哺餵母乳扮演決定性的角色，而醫療人員則對早期轉換至FFBF有影響(p<0.003)。較多的哺餵母乳母親比FFBF母親覺查到哺餵母乳的好處(p<0.03)。Cox 等比例危害模式顯示母親居留狀態 ≥5-年 (HR=2.4)、有職業的母親(HR=1.5)及醫療人員的意見(HR=0.67)與早期斷奶具有相關性(p<0.001)。然而，增強免疫力(HR=0.67)及生育次數≥2 (HR=0.72)有助於持續哺餵母乳(p<0.001)。總結，在香港1990年代初期以母乳哺餵嬰兒的比率是低的。已找到決定哺餵母乳及早期斷奶的主要相關因素，有助於規劃推廣哺餵母乳直到6個月之科際整合方法。

關鍵字： 母乳哺餵、配方哺餵、中斷母乳哺餵、嬰兒、香港。

 

 

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Supplementation of infant formula with native inulin has a prebiotic effect in formula-fed babies

SOOK-HE KIM, DA HEE LEE AND DIEDERICK MEYER

Objectives: In this study we investigated the effects of native inulin in formula-fed babies. The influence of inulin on the microbial composition, pH, consistency and amount of faeces, and on frequency of defecation was assessed. Methods: In this study a daily dosage of 0.25 g/kg/d was used: 3 weeks of inulin consumption were followed by 3 weeks without or vice versa. The study group consisted of 14 babies with an average age of 12.6 weeks (± 6.4 weeks) and the average intake of inulin was 1.5 (± 0.3) g/d. Results: The consumption of inulin increased the content of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus in the faeces of formula-fed babies, without affecting the number of Bacteroides or the total anaerobic count. With inulin there was a trend for stools to become softer and for the amount of faeces to increase significantly. Frequency of defecation was not affected by the consumption of inulin. No adverse effects were reported during the periods of inulin consumption. Conclusions: We conclude that, with native inulin, a prebiotic effect can be observed in formula-fed babies. Inulin may therefore be a useful ingredient in infant formulae.

Key Words: inulin, babies, colonic microbiota, infant formula, prebiotic

 

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在婴儿配方奶粉中补充天然菊粉能有效为婴儿带来益生原作用

主旨：在本课题里，我们调查了天然菊粉在食用婴儿配方奶粉的婴儿中的作用。主要针对菊粉对微生物组分，pH，排粪量，粪便密度以及排粪次数进行评估。方法：在本研究中，我们使用的剂量为 0.25克/公斤/日：三星期连续摄入菊粉紧跟随三星期空白或者相反过来。以14名平均年龄为12.6星期(±6.4星期)婴儿组成，平均菊粉摄取量为1.5克/日。结果：菊粉的摄入在不影响粪便中细菌总数或厌氧菌总数的情况下，增加了粪便中双歧杆菌及乳酸菌的含量比例。随着菊粉的摄取，婴儿粪便的分量明显增加，硬度降低。排便次数不受菊粉摄取的影响，在期间，并没有发现摄取菊粉有任何不良反应。结论：菊粉的摄入能为婴儿带来明显的益生原作用，菊粉能作为婴儿配方奶粉中有效的功能性配料。

關鍵字：菊粉、嬰兒、結腸菌落、嬰兒配方、益生菌。

 

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Anthropometric and biochemical markers for nutritional risk among residents within an Australian residential care facility

JESSICA GRIEGER, CARYL NOWSON AND M LEIGH ACKLAND

The risk of malnutrition is high among elderly population, yet few studies have measured indicators of nutritional status among Australian aged-care residents.  To determine the relationship between nutritional status and bone density, hand grip strength, and the timed-up and go test, in a group of Australian aged-care residents.  Anthropometric and biochemical analysis measured in subjects recruited to be part of a six month multivitamin supplementation study.  One hundred and fifteen subjects participated (68% female).  The mean (SD) age and body weight was 80.2(10.6) years, and 66.5(15.0) kg, respectively. Eleven percent were underweight (body mass index, BMI, ≤20.0kg/m²), and 20% were obese BMI ≥30kg/m²).  Low serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D, ≤50 nmol/L) concentrations were found among 79% of subjects.  After adjustment for body weight, there was an association between serum 25(OH)D and bone density (heel ultrasound) (r=.204, p=.027).  Low serum zinc (≤10.7 μmol/L) concentrations were found among 46% of subjects; this group had a slower timed up and go time compared with those with higher zinc concentrations (n=19, 44.6 ± 5.6 seconds vs. n=27, 30.0 ± 3.3 seconds, p=.020).  There were no associations between nutritional markers and hand grip strength.  In this group, more than ¾ of subjects had low serum 25(OH)D, and 46% had low zinc concentrations.  Serum 25(OH)D was associated a lower bone density and zinc with a slower walking time.  This indicates that the elderly in long term residential care facilities are at high risk for poor nutritional status, potentially increasing morbidity and mortality.

Key Words:  long-term care, aged, Australia, nutritional status, bone density

 

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澳洲住宅式照護設施住民之體位及生化標記營養風險

老人族群中營養不良的風險是高的，但是只有少數幾個研究曾測量澳洲接受老人照護的住民之營養狀況指標。本研究以手部握拳強度及計時起走測驗評估一組澳洲老人照護設施住民的營養狀況與骨質密度。體位測量及生化分析測量的研究對象來自一個六個月綜合維他命補充研究的參與者。共有115名研究對象參與(68%女性)。平均年齡(標準差)及體重分別為80.2(10.6)歲及66.5(15.0)公斤。11%體重過輕(身體質量指數，BMI<20.0 kg/m²)；20%肥胖(BMI≥30 kg/m²)。79%的研究對象為低血清25(OH)D濃度(25(OH)D≤50 nmol/L)。在校正體重之後，發現血清25(OH)D及骨質密度(腳後跟超音波)具有相關性(r=.204, p=.027)。46%的研究對象為低血清鋅(≤10.7 μmol/L)濃度；這組研究對象比起鋅濃度較高者其計時起走較慢(n=19, 44.6 ± 5.6 秒 vs. n=27, 30.0 ± 3.3秒, p=.020)。營養標記與收握拳強度沒有相關。在此組別，超過3/4的研究對象為低血清25(OH)D及46%為低鋅濃度。血清25(OH)D與骨質密度及鋅較低以及較慢的走路時間具有相關性。這表示居住在長期照護設施的老年人有較高的營養狀況差的風險，可能增加死亡率及罹病率。

 關鍵字：長期照護、年老的、澳洲、營養狀況、骨質密度。

 

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Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and population attributable fractions for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions

ASIA PACIFIC COHORT STUDIES COLLABORATION

The aims of this study were to obtain the most recent representative data for the prevalence of diabetes in adult populations in the World Health Organisation’s South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions and to quantify the contribution of diabetes to the burden of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in these regions. Previous reports indicate that there are 83 million individuals with diabetes in the Asia-Pacific region, but since many of the country-specific estimates were not from nationally representative studies, this figure may not accurately reflect the current burden of diabetes. Information on the prevalence of diabetes was obtained by searching Medline and government health websites. Data were available from 12 countries representing 78% of the total population of the Asia-Pacific region. Six of 10 countries with complete data reported a prevalence of diabetes exceeding those estimates currently cited by the World Health Organization; three of which have also already exceeded the World Health Organization projections for 2030. In the 12 countries in the region with nationally representative data, the prevalence of diabetes ranged from 2.6% to 15.1%. Hazard ratios from the Asia Pacific Cohort Studies Collaboration were used to calculate population attributable fractions for diabetes for fatal cardiovascular diseases in the region. Population attributable fractions ranged from 2% to 12% for coronary heart disease, 1% to 6% for haemorrhagic stroke, and 2% to 11% for ischaemic stroke. Accurate estimates of the prevalence of diabetes are of great importance and standard methods are needed for periodic surveillance across the Asia-Pacific region and elsewhere.

Key Words:  Diabetes mellitus, Asia, Pacific Islands, prevalence, cardiovascular disease, stroke

 

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世衛組織東南亞及西太平洋地區的糖尿病盛行率及其對冠狀心臟病及中風死亡率的可歸因危險

本研究的目的為收集世界衛生組織東南亞及西太平洋地區最近之代表性資料已獲取成人族群糖尿病盛行率，並量化在這些地區糖尿病對心血管疾病死亡率負擔的貢獻。之前的報告指出在亞太地區有830萬人罹患糖尿病，但由於很多國家別的估計並非來自國家代表性的研究，這些圖像可能無法精確的反應目前糖尿病的負擔。糖尿病盛行率的資料來源是搜尋Medline以及政府衛生網站。其中有12個有資料的國家，代表78%亞太地區的總人口。十個有完整資料的國家中，有六個其報告的糖尿病盛行率較世界衛生組織目前引述的數據高；其中有三個國家已經超過世界衛生組織推估2030年的盛行率。在有全國代表性樣本的12個國家中，糖尿病的盛行率範圍從2.6%至15.1%。亞太地區世代研究合作小組，計算這個地區的糖尿病對於致死性的心血管疾病之可歸因危險性以危害比表示。人群可歸因危險分率的範圍：冠狀動脈疾病由2%至12%，出血性中風1%至6%，缺血性中風2%至11%。為了定期監測亞太地區及其他地區，準確的評計糖尿病的盛行率是非常重要的，我們需要標準的方法。

關鍵字：糖尿病、亞洲、太平洋群島、盛行率、心血管疾病、中風。

 

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Time-lag estimate between dietary intake and breast cancer mortality in Japan

EMIKO HARASHIMA, YASUE NAKAGAWA, GUNPEI URATA, KEISUKE TSUJI, MASUO SHIRATAKAAND YASUHIRO MATSUMURA

This study examines the relationship between the nutrient intake, including total dietary fiber (TDF) and fat, and the age-adjusted mortality from breast cancer (MBC) in Japanese females during the period from 1948 to 2000.  The information for MBC in females was based on the data in Vital Statistics of Japan.  Nutritional data were collected from the National Nutrition Survey reports.  The data were analyzed by Pearson's correlation and a partial correlation, adjusting for the effect of reproductive factors.  The time lag was estimated by measuring the strength of the linear relationship set up for a 0-35-year delay in mortality and statistically evaluated by comparing the correlation coefficients.  The partial correlation analysis indicated that the individual intakes of total fat (r=0.688), animal protein (r=0.657), carbohydrate (r=-0.886), and plant protein (r=-0.770) were significantly (p<0.01) correlated with MBC.   Each of these coefficients of correlation changed and reached a maximum value with increasing time lag.  The estimated time lag values for the influence of fat, animal protein and TDF were 20-32 years, 19-31 years and 9-35 years, respectively.  It is deduced from the results that the increased MBC in Japanese women is related to the long-term effect from the intake of a high-fat, high-animal protein and low-fiber diet typical in the western world.

Key Words:  Japanese breast cancer mortality; partial correlation coefficient; time lag; dietary fiber; dietary fat

 

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日本飲食攝取與乳癌死亡率之間的時間落差

此研究評估營養素攝取，包含總膳食纖維(TDF)及總脂肪攝取與1948至2000年期間日本女性年齡校正乳癌死亡率(MBC)之相關性。女性MBC資訊是根據日本生命統計資料而得。營養素資料則為全國營養調查報告。資料的分析採用皮爾森積差相關及部分相關，並校正其他生育因子的影響。時間落差的估計是測量建立死亡率延遲0-35年的直線相關強度，統計評估則比較相關係數。部份相關分析顯示個體總脂肪(r=0.688)、動物蛋白質(r=0.657)、碳水化合物(r=-0.886)及植物性蛋白質(r=-0.770)與MBC的相關均達顯著(p<0.01)。隨著時間的落差的增加，每個相關係數改變並到達最大值。評估脂肪、動物性蛋白質及TDF三者對於時間落差的影響分別為20-32年、19-31年及9-35年。依據結果推論日本女性MBC的提高與長期攝取高脂肪、高動物性蛋白質及低纖維的西方飲食具有相關性。

關鍵字:日本人乳癌死亡率、部分相關係數、時間落差、膳食纖維、膳食脂肪。

 

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Last Updated: March 2007