Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 11, issue 4,
2002
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Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
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Nutrition and the extremes of life: dilemmas and enigmas of
advanced old age
NOEL SOLOMONS
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):247-250.
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Longitudinal study of diet and iron deficiency
anaemia in infants during the first two years of life
ANNE-LOUISE M HEATH, CYNTHIA REEVES TUTTLE, MEGAN SL SIMONS, CHRISTINE
L CLEGHORN, WINSOME R PARNELL
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):251-257.
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Nutrition
problems of hospitalised children in a developing country: Thailand
PRASONG TIENBOON
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):258-262.
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Effect of low-dosage vitamin A and riboflavin on iron-folate supplementation
in anaemic pregnant women
BAMBANG SUPRAPTO, WIDARDO, SUHANANTYO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):263-267.
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Impact of supplementary high calcium milk with additional magnesium
on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone turnover
in postmenopausal women
J HILARY GREEN, CHRIS BOOTH, RICHARD BUNNING
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):268-273.
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Dietary fibre content and nutrient claims relative to the faecal
bulking efficacy of breakfast cereals
JOHN A MONRO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):274-284.
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Bread enriched with microencapsulated tuna oil increases plasma
docosahexaenoic acid and total omega-3 fatty acids in humans
YOLANDE L YEP, DUO LI, NEIL J MANN, ORTWIN BODE, ANDREW J SINCLAIR
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):285-291.
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Effect of green tea catechin on arachidonic acid cascade in chronic
cadmium-poisoned rats
JEONG-HWA CHOI, HYEUN-WOOK CHANG, SOON-JAE RHEE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):292-297.
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Oxalate
content and calcium binding capacity of tea and herbal teas
MARINA JS CHARRIER, GEOFFREY P SAVAGE, LEO VANHANEN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):298-301.
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Body fat accumulation is greater in rats fed a
beef tallow diet than in rats fed a safflower or soybean oil diet
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, HIROYUKI TAKEUCHI, HIROO SUZUKI, MASASHIGE SUZUKI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):302-308.
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Comparative
effects of a tocotrienol-rich fraction and tocopherol in aspirin-induced
gastric lesions in rats
MI NAFEEZA, AM FAUZEE, J KAMSIAH, MT GAPOR
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):309-313.
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Effect
of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder
ABDUL RASYID, ABDUL RASHID ABDUL RAHMAN, KAMARUDDIN JAALAM, AZNAN
LELO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):314-318.
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Metformin improves liver antioxidant potential in rats fed a high-fructose
diet
SRINIVASAN SRIVIDHYA, CARANI VENKATRAMAN ANURADHA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;14(4):319-322.
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Nutrition and the extremes of life: dilemmas and enigmas of advanced
old age
NOEL SOLOMONS
SEE PDF FILE
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Longitudinal
study of diet and iron deficiency anaemia in infants during the first
two years of life
ANNE-LOUISE M HEATH, CYNTHIA REEVES TUTTLE, MEGAN SL SIMONS, CHRISTINE
L CLEGHORN, WINSOME R PARNELL
The
objectives of this study were: (i) to investigate the energy, iron,
zinc, calcium and vitamin C intakes of a group of healthy term Caucasian
infants resident in Dunedin, New Zealand, prospectively from age 9
months to 2 years; and (ii) to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency
anaemia among these infants. A
self-selected sample of 74 Caucasian mothers and their infants born
in Dunedin, New Zealand, between October 1995 and May 1996 were recruited.
Dietary intake was determined using estimated diet records at 9, 12,
18 and 24 months of age. Haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular
volume and zinc protoporphyrin concentration were determined at the
same ages. The infants' zinc, calcium and vitamin C intakes appeared
adequate. Their median iron intakes ranged from 4.3 mg (at 12 months)
to 7.0 mg (at 9 months) per day and were below estimated requirements
at all ages. At 9, 12 and 18 months of age, 7% (n = 4) of the infants
had iron deficiency anaemia. None of the infants had iron deficiency
anaemia at
24 months. The iron intakes of this group of Caucasian infants and
young children appeared inadequate. However, their rate of iron deficiency
anaemia was lower than has been reported in previous New Zealand studies.
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Nutrition
problems of hospitalised children in a developing country: Thailand
PRASONG TIENBOON
Nutritional assessment reveals the nutritional status of a patient.
It thereby helps identify each patient's need for specific nutritional
care and facilitates early intervention. Generally, the common nutrition
and nutrition-related problems in hospitalised paediatric patients
are: protein energy malnutrition in various degrees; vitamin deficiencies
such as A, B1, B2, niacin, folic acid, K and E; mineral deficiencies
such as Zn, Fe, Ca, Mg, P, K and Na; essential fatty acid deficiencies;
carbohydrate intolerance; maldigestion and malabsorption; and overweight
and obesity. However, there is limited information about nutritional
status of hospitalised patients in some countries, especially in developing
countries. In Thailand, it was found that the prevalence of hospital
malnutrition in children aged 115 years in the paediatric ward was
similar (5060%) to that of a study conducted 10 years earlier. In
another study of micronutrients in 45 paediatric AIDS patients (aged
346 months), high prevalences of malnutrition, anaemia and mineral
deficiencies were found. For convenience in clinical practice, body
mass index (BMI) values for use as an indicator in the assessment
of undernutrition in children whose heights are less than 145 cm have
been published. These BMI values have been tested and retested using
normal children and patients with various degrees of undernutrition
and were found to be reliable and valid. Therefore, nutritional status
must be assessed in all hospitalised patients. At the very least,
weight and height (length) should be obtained.
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Effect
of low-dosage vitamin A and riboflavin on iron-folate supplementation
in anaemic pregnant women
BAMBANG SUPRAPTO, WIDARDO, SUHANANTYO
A double-blind,
placebo, controlled trial was conducted in Banyudono subdistrict,
Boyolali regency, Central Java province, Indonesia. The aim of the
study was to determine whether adding low-dosage vitamin A and riboflavin
can enhance the effect of iron-folate supplementation in anaemic pregnant
women. From July to November 2000, 202 pregnant women were screened
for anaemia (haemoglobin
<11.0 g/dL). One hundred and three pregnant women (51%) were found
to be anaemic and were then allocated alternately into four groups.
Over a period of 60 days, group IF (n = 29) received iron-folate tablets
(200 mg FeSO4 and 250 µg folic acid) + 5 mg glucose; group IFR
(n = 22) received iron-folate tablets + 5 mg riboflavin; group IFA
(n = 29) received iron-folate tablets + 2.75 mg retinyl palmitate
(equal to 5000 IU vitamin A); and group IFRA (n = 23) received iron-folate
tablets + 5 mg riboflavin + 2.75 mg retinyl palmitate. At the end
of the study 19 pregnant women (18.4%) were excluded from the analysis
because of various reasons. Statistical analysis was based on 84 women
(81.5%): group IF, n = 25; group IFR, n = 22; group IFA, n = 18; and
group IFRA, n = 19. Haemoglobin measurements were carried out using
the Technicon H1* (cyanmethaemoglobin method). All groups showed a
significant increase in haemoglobin concentration (P < 0.05), except
group IFA (P > 0.05), with the highest increment being in group
IFR. Multiple comparisons only showed significant differences between
group IFR and group IFA (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that iron-folate
supplementation can increase haemoglobin concentrations in anaemic
pregnant women. Adding riboflavin tends to enhance the effect of iron-folate
supplementation, but this is not the case with adding vitamin A.
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Impact of supplementary high calcium milk with additional magnesium
on parathyroid hormone and biochemical markers of bone turnover in
postmenopausal women
J HILARY GREEN, CHRIS BOOTH, RICHARD BUNNING
The
aim of this study was to investigate the impact of magnesium-enriched,
high-calcium milk on serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and biochemical
markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. We recruited 50
healthy postmenopausal women to take part in this randomised controlled
study. Half of
the women consumed two serves of high-calcium skim milk enriched with
magnesium (milk group) and half consumed two serves apple drink per
day (apple group), each for 4 weeks. The milk provided 1200 mg calcium
and an additional 106 mg magnesium. We investigated the responses
of serum PTH, as well as the serum and urinary calcium, magnesium
and biochemical markers of bone turnover. There was no effect of time
or drink on the clinical biochemistry, serum PTH or urine markers
of bone resorption (free deoxypyridinoline and Ntelopeptides).
Serum C-telopeptides (CTX), another marker of bone resorption,
did not change with time in the apple group. However, in the milk
group, serum CTX decreased significantly from 0.43 ± 0.04 ng/mL
to 0.32 ± 0.02 at 2 weeks (p < 0.0001) and 0.28 ±
0.02 at 4 weeks (p < 0.0001). In the milk group, urinary calcium
and magnesium each increased during the night but not during the day.
Overall, these data suggest that milk has an antiresorptive effect
on bone, but that this is not accompanied by measurable changes in
serum PTH.
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Dietary
fibre content and nutrient claims relative to the faecal bulking efficacy
of breakfast cereals
JOHN A MONRO
The correspondence between the dietary fibre contents
of 28 breakfast cereals and their faecal bulking efficacies was measured
and used to assess criterion values controlling nutrient claims for
dietary fibre. A valid, standardised rat assay was used to measure
faecal bulking efficacy as the content of wheat bran equivalents for
faecal bulk (WBEfb) in the cereals. Regression analysis of WBEfb content
against dietary fibre content allowed the adequacy of criterion fibre
values for claims of 'source of fibre,''high in fibre' and 'very high
in fibre' to be assessed relative to a daily reference requirement
of 63 WBEfb, based on human data. Faecal bulking by breakfast cereals
was much lower than implied by the dietary fibre claims associated
with them. Many more were claimed to be 'high' or 'very high' in dietary
fibre (n = 13) than were 'high' or 'very high' in faecal bulking efficacy
(n = 4). Conversely, dietary fibre requirements per serving predicted
from WBEfb requirements, as necessary to maintain adequate faecal
bulk in the current Australian diet, were much higher (4.4 g) than
the criterion fibre content (1.5 g) for the most modest claim, 'source
of fibre'. After removing four high-bran cereals (>15% dietary
fibre) from the analysis, a modest correlation of r = 0.62 between
dietary fibre content and faecal bulk was obtained. It is concluded
that, with respect to breakfast cereals, fibre values specified for
nutrient claims are too low, dietary fibre content is not a reliable
guide to faecal bulking efficacy and direct measures of faecal bulking
capacity would be more useful than dietary fibre content in describing
faecal bulking efficacy for evidence-based food choice.
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Bread
enriched with microencapsulated tuna oil increases plasma docosahexaenoic
acid and total omega-3 fatty acids in humans
YOLANDE L YEP, DUO LI, NEIL J MANN, ORTWIN BODE, ANDREW J SINCLAIR
The aim of this study was to determine the acute and chronic effects
of low doses of long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
(<100 mg per day) on plasma LC n-3 PUFA levels using a novel delivery
form; bread containing microencapsulated tuna oil (MTO). Six omnivores
(three men and three women) participated in the acute study, which
involved ingesting a prototype MTO bread containing approximately
80 mg of LC n-3 PUFA/four slices. Plasma triacylglycerol fatty acid
compositions were measured after an overnight fast and postprandially
at 2 and 4 h. In the chronic study, 10 vegetarian subjects (nine men
and one woman) consumed MTO bread at six to eight slices/day (comprising
60 mg of LC n-3 PUFA) as the only dietary source of these PUFA for
three weeks. Fasting plasma total and
phospholipid fatty acid compositions were measured at baseline and
endpoint. In the acute study, the proportions of 22:6 n-3 and total
n-3 PUFA in plasma triacylglycerol were significantly increased (P
< 0.05). In the chronic study, the proportions of 20:5 n-3, 22:5
n3, 22:6 n-3, total n-3 PUFA in plasma, and 22:6 n-3 and total n-3
PUFA in plasma phospholipid fractions were significantly increased
(P < 0.05) at the endpoint compared with the baseline. This study
showed that a low dose of LC n-3 PUFA, consumed as MTO-enriched bread,
was bioavailable, as measured by an increase in LC n-3 PUFA levels
in the plasma of human subjects.
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Effect
of green tea catechin on arachidonic acid cascade in chronic cadmium-poisoned
rats
JEONG-HWA CHOI, HYEUN-WOOK CHANG, SOON-JAE RHEE
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of green tea
catechin on the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways in chronic
cadmium-poisoned rats. SpragueDawley male rats weighing 100 ±
10 g were randomly assigned to one normal and three cadmium-poisoned
groups. The cadmium groups were classified as catechin-free diet group
(Cd-0C), 0.25% catechin diet group (Cd-0.25C) and 0.5% catechin diet
group (Cd0.5C), in accordance with the level of catechin supplement.
The phospholipase A2 activity was remarkably increased 117% in the
Cd-0C group and 60% in the Cd-0.25C group compared with the normal
group, and the level in the Cd-0.5C group was the same as the normal
group. Activity of platelet cyclooxygenase increased 284% in the Cd-0C
group, 147% in the Cd-0.25C group and 193% in the Cd-0.5C group. The
synthesis of platelet thromboxane A2 (TXA2) increased 157% in the
Cd-0C group and 105% in the Cd-0.25C group, compared with the normal
group. The Cd-0.5C group showed the same level as the normal group.
Prostacyclin (PGI2) formation in the aorta decreased 24% in the Cd-0C
group and 18% in the Cd-0.25C group. The ratio of PGI2/TXA2, the thrombocyte
synthesis index, decreased 70% in the Cd-0C group and 59% in the Cd-0.25C
group. The activity of 5'-lipoxygenase in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte
was increased 40% in the Cd-0C group as compared with the normal group.
Catechin-supplemented Cd-0.25C and Cd-0.5C groups showed the level
of the normal group. In this study, the observed content of leukotriene
B4, which induces the inflammatory process, increased 54% in the Cd-0C
group, and in catechin-supplemented groups, showed the same level
as in the normal group. The serum peroxide value increased 60% in
the Cd-0C group compared with the normal group; but in the Cd-0.5C
group, it showed the level of the normal group. These results indicate
that chronic cadmium poisoning in rats accelerates arachidonic acid
metabolism. Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism due to catechin
supplementation, however, decreases platelet aggregation and inflammatory
action. In conclusion, it would appear that green tea catechin supplementation
in chronic cadmium-poisoned rats inhibits the arachidonic acid cascade
by regulating the activity of phospholipase A2.
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Oxalate
content and calcium binding capacity of tea and herbal teas
MARINA JS CHARRIER, GEOFFREY P SAVAGE, LEO VANHANEN
Thirty-two commercially available teas consisting of green, oolong
and black teas were bought from supermarkets in Christchurch, New
Zealand in June 2001. Fifteen herbal teas were also purchased at the
same time. The soluble oxalate content of the infusate made from each
of the teas was determined using high pressure liquid chromatography.
The mean soluble oxalate contents of black tea in tea bags and loose
tea leaves were 4.68 and 5.11 mg/g tea, respectively, while green
teas and oolong tea had lower oxalate contents, ranging from 0.23
to 1.15 mg/g tea. The soluble oxalate content of the herbal teas ranged
from not detected to 3.00 mg/g tea. A regular tea drinker consuming
six cups of tea/day would have an intake of between 26.46 and 98.58
mg soluble oxalate/day from loose black tea, 17.88 and 93.66 mg soluble
oxalate/day from black tea in tea bags and a maximum of 18.0 mg/day
from herbal teas. The oxalate intake from the regular daily consumption
of black teas is modest when compared to the amounts of soluble oxalate
that can be found in common foods. However, oxalate in black teas
has the potential to bind to a significant proportion of calcium in
the milk, which is commonly consumed with the black teas.
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Body
fat accumulation is greater in rats fed a beef tallow diet than in
rats fed a safflower or soybean oil diet
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, HIROYUKI TAKEUCHI, HIROO SUZUKI, MASASHIGE SUZUKI
The effects of
dietary fats, consisting of different fatty acids, on body fat accumulation
and uncoupling protein (UCP) in interscapular brown adipose tissue
were studied in rats. Metabolisable energy in experimental diets based
on safflower oil, soybean oil or beef tallow was measured strictly
(experiment 1). Male Wistar rats were then meal-fed an isoenergetic
diet for 8 weeks (experiment 2). Each group of rats showed the same
weight gain during the 8-week experimental period. Carcass fat content
was greater in rats fed the beef tallow diet than in those fed the
with the safflower or soybean oil diets, whereas the weight of abdominal
adipose tissue was the same for all three dietary groups. Gene expression
of UCP1 and the UCP content of the interscapular brown adipose tissue
was lower in the beef tallow diet group than in the other dietary
groups. A negative correlation was observed between carcass fat content
and n-6 unsaturated fatty acid content in dietary fats. These results
suggest that the greater body fat accumulation in rats fed the beef
tallow diet results from lower expression of UCP1 mRNA and lower UCP
content in brown adipose tissue. n-6 Polyunsaturated fatty acids may
be the most effective fatty acids in limiting body fat.
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Comparative
effects of a tocotrienol-rich fraction and tocopherol in aspirin-induced
gastric lesions in rats
MI NAFEEZA, AM FAUZEE, J KAMSIAH, MT GAPOR
This study examined the effects of a tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF)
obtained from palm oil on the healing of aspirin-induced gastric mucosal
lesions. Thirty-six male SpragueDawley rats (200250 g) were randomly
divided into three groups. Group I was fed a vitamin E-deficient diet
(control), Group II was fed a vitamin E deficient diet supplemented
with tocopherol (300 mg/kg food) and Group III was fed a vitamin E-deficient
diet supplemented with TRF (300 mg/kg food). After eight weeks, the
control and treated groups received a single intragastric dose of
400 mg/kg body weight aspirin. The rats were killed 24 h after exposure
to aspirin. Assessment of gastric lesions showed a lower gastric lesion
index in the TRF (P = 0.0005) and tocopherol groups (P = 0.0008) compared
to the control. The gastric malondialdehyde (MDA) content was also
lower in the TRF (P = 0.025) and tocopherol groups (P = 0.025) compared
to control. There were, however, no significant differences in the
gastric lesion index and gastric MDA content between the TRF and tocopherol-fed
groups. There were no significant differences in the adherent gastric
mucous concentration and gastric acid concentration among all groups.
We conclude that the TRF and tocopherol are equally effective in preventing
aspirin-induced gastric lesions. The most probable mechanism is through
their ability to limit lipid peroxidation, which is involved in aspirin-induced
gastric lesions.
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Effect
of different curcumin dosages on human gall bladder
ABDUL RASYID, ABDUL RASHID ABDUL RAHMAN, KAMARUDDIN JAALAM, AZNAN
LELO
Our previous study demonstrated that curcumin, an active compound
of Curcuma xanthorrhiza and C. domestica, produces a positive cholekinetic
effect. A 20 mg amount of curcumin is capable of contracting the gall
bladder by up to 29% within an observation time of 2 h. The aim of
the current study was to define the dosage of curcumin capable of
producing a 50% contraction of the gall bladder, and to determine
if there is a linear relationship between doubling the curcumin dosage
and the doubling of gall bladder contraction. A randomised, single-blind,
three-phase, crossover-designed examination was carried out on 12
healthy volunteers. Ultrasonography was carried out serially to measure
the gall bladder volume. The data obtained was analysed by analysis
of variance (anova). The fasting volumes of gall bladders were similar
(P > 0.50), with 17.28 ± 5.47 mL for 20 mg curcumin, 18.34
± 3.75 mL for 40 mg and 18.24 ± 3.72 mL for 80 mg. The
percentage decrease in gall bladder volume 2 h after administration
of 20, 40 and 80 mg was 34.10 ± 10.16, 51.15 ± 8.08
and 72.25 ± 8.22, respectively, which was significantly different
(P < 0.01). On the basis of the present findings, it appears that
the dosage of curcumin capable of producing a 50% contraction of the
gall bladder was 40 mg. This study did not show any linear relationship
between doubling curcumin dosage and the doubling of gall bladder
contraction.
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Metformin
improves liver antioxidant potential in rats fed a high-fructose diet
SRINIVASAN SRIVIDHYA, CARANI VENKATRAMAN ANURADHA
Increased lipid
peroxidation plays a role in the pathology associated with fructose
feeding. The present study reports the effects of metformin on the
liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defence system of rats fed
a high-fructose diet. The experimental animals were divided into two
batches of 12 animals each. The control batch received a control diet
containing 60% starch; the second batch was given a high-fructose
diet containing 60% fructose as the sole source of carbohydrate. At
the end of second week these were each subdivided into two groups.
One was given metformin (50 mg/kg body weight/day in water) by intragastric
intubation and the other group was left untreated. The rats were continued
on the same dietary regimen for the next two weeks. After the experimental
period of four weeks, liver lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status
were quantified. Enhanced thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance reactivity
and lipid hydroperoxides were observed in high-fructose-fed rats.
However, the activities of enzymic antioxidants were lower in this
group. Administration of metformin attenuated the rise in lipid peroxidation
and improved the antioxidant potential in high-fructose-fed rats.
Metformin did not have any effect on the antioxidant status of control
rats. Attenuation of lipid peroxidation by metformin could be related
to its insulin sensitising action.
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Updated: September 2004
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