Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 11, issue 1,
2002
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Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
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 Validation
of skinfold thickness and hand-held impedance measurements for
estimation of body fat percentage among Singaporean Chinese,
Malay and Indian subjects
PAUL DEURENBERG, MABEL DEURENBERG-YAP
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):1-7.
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Dietary
patterns and risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Fijian,
Japanese and Vietnamese populations
KAZUE TOMISAKA, JIMAIMA LAKO, CHIZUKO MURUYAMA, NGUYEN THI LAN
ANH, DO THI KIM LIEN, HA HUY KHOI, NGUYEN VAN CHUYEN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):8-12.
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Dietary
patterns and nutrient intake of adult women in south-east China:
a nutrition study in Zhejiang province
MIN ZHANG, COLIN W BINNS, ANDY H LEE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):13-21.
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Serum
concentrations of micronutrient antioxidants in an adult Arab
population
CLIFFORD ABIAKA, SAMUEL OLUSI, AMOS SIMBEY
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):22-27.
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Physicochemical properties and nutritional traits of millet-based
weaning food suitable for infants of the Kumaon hills, Northern
India
ANJU THATHOLA, SARITA SRIVASTAVA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):28-32.
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Assessment
of iodine deficiency in Kottayam district, Kerala State: a pilot
study
UMESH KAPIL, PR JAYAKUMAR, PREETI SINGH, BHAWNA ANEJA, PRIYALI
PATHAK
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):33-36.
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Will
iron supplementation given during menstruation improve iron status
better than weekly supplementation?
JUDHIASTUTY FEBRUHARTANTY, DRUPADI DILLON, HELDA KHUSUN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):37-41.
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A
prospective study of weight and height going from infancy to adolescence
PRASONG TIENBOON, MARK L WAHLQVIST
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):42-47.
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Role of plant metabolites in toxic liver injury
MUKUL K GOLE, S DASGUPTA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):48-50.
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Characteristics
of soy bread users and their beliefs about soy products
ANTHONY WORSLEY, MARK L WAHLQVIST, FABIEN S DALAIS, GAYLE S SAVIGE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):51-56.
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A valid food frequency questionnaire for measuring dietary fish
intake
ROSALIE K WOODS, RACHEL M STONEY, PAUL D IRELAND, MICHAEL J BAILEY,
JOAN M RAVEN, FRANK CK THIEN, E HAYDN WALTERS, MICHAEL J ABRAMSON
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):57-61.
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Deficient
dietary vitamin K intake among elderly nursing home residents
in Hong Kong
SAMUEL LS TSE, THOMAS YK CHAN, DAPHNE MY WU, ALBERT YK CHEUNG,
TIMOTHY CY KWOK
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):62-65.
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Association of overall and abdominal obesity with
coronary heart disease risk factors: comparison between urban
and rural Indian men
PALLA VENKATRAMANA, PALAKURU C REDDY
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):66-71.
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Cholesterol oxides: their occurrence and methods
to prevent their generation in foods
GEOFFREY P SAVAGE, PARESH C DUTTA, MARIA T RODRIGUEZ-ESTRADA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):72-78.
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Anticancer and health protective properties of citrus fruit components
JANSEN SILALAHI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(1):79-84.
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Validation
of skinfold thickness and hand-held impedance measurements for estimation
of body fat percentage among Singaporean Chinese, Malay and Indian
subjects
PAUL DEURENBERG, MABEL DEURENBERG-YAP
Body fat percentage (BF%) was measured in 298 Singaporean Chinese,
Malay and Indian men and women using a chemical four-compartment model
consisting of fat, water, protein and mineral (BF%4C). In addition,
weight, height, skinfold thickness and segmental impedance (from hand
to hand) was measured. Body fat percentage was predicted using prediction
equations from the literature (for skinfolds BF%SKFD) and using the
manufacturer's software for the hand-held impedance analyser (BF%IMP).
The subjects ranged in age from 18-70 years and in body mass index
from 16.0 to 40.2 kg/m2. Body fat ranged from 6.5 to 53.3%. The biases
for skinfold prediction (BF%4C-BF%SKFD, mean ± SD) were -0.4
± 3.9, 2.3 ± 4.1 and 3.1 ± 4.2 in Chinese, Malay
and Indian women, respectively, the Chinese being different from the
Malays and Indians. The differences were significant from zero (P<
0.05) in the Malays and Indians. For the men, the biases were 0.5
± 3.8, 0.0 ± 4.8 and 0.9 ± 4.0 in Chinese, Malays
and Indians, respectively. These biases were not significantly different
from zero and not different among the ethnic groups. The biases for
hand-held impedance BF% were -0.7 ± 4.5, 1.5 ± 4.4 and
0.4 ± 3.8 in Chinese, Malay and Indian women. These biases
were not significantly different from zero but the bias in the Chinese
was significantly different from the biases in the Malays and Indians.
In the Chinese, Malay and Indian men, the biases of BF%IMP were 0.7
± 4.6, 1.9 ± 4.8 and 2.0 ± 4.4, respectively.
These biases in Malay and Indian men were significantly different
from zero and significantly different from the bias in Chinese men.
The biases were correlated with level of body fat and age, and also
with relative arm span (arm span/height) for impedance. After correction,
the differences in bias among the ethnic groups disappeared. The study
shows that the biases in predicted BF% differ between ethnic groups,
differences that can be explained by differences in body composition
and differences in body build. This information is important and should
be taken into account when comparing body composition across ethnic
groups using predictive methods.
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Dietary
patterns and risk factors for Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Fijian,
Japanese and Vietnamese populations
KAZUE TOMISAKA, JIMAIMA LAKO, CHIZUKO MURUYAMA, NGUYEN THI LAN ANH,
DO THI KIM LIEN, HA HUY KHOI, NGUYEN VAN CHUYEN
Diabetes mellitus is now a serious and increasing problem in Asian
countries, where dietary patterns have shifted toward Westernized
foods and people are becoming more sedentary. In order to elucidate
the relationship of dietary habits to the development of diabetic
risk factors, the dietary patterns of 200 Fijian, 171 Japanese and
181 Vietnamese women of 30-39 years of age were investigated using
3 day-24 h recall or dietary records. Anthropometric measurements
and glycosuria tests were also conducted. The dietary trends of Fijians
and Japanese have changed drastically in the past 50 years, while
Vietnamese have been minimally influenced by Western dietary habits.
The mean 24 h dietary intake showed that Fijians had the highest energy
intake. Energy intake from fat was only 13% for Vietnamese, but over
30% for Japanese and Fijians. Percentage of body fat was higher in
Vietnamese than in Japanese, though there were no significant differences
in body mass index (BMI). In the overweight and obese women, Vietnamese
had higher abdominal obesity than Japanese. The prevalence of obesity
(BMI 30 kg/m2) was 63.0% for Fijians, 1.8% for Japanese and 1.1% for
Vietnamese. Glycosuria testing yielded the most positive cases among
Fijians. Dietary transition and dietary excess appear to be potential
risk factors for diabetes in Fijian women.
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Dietary
patterns and nutrient intake of adult women in south-east China: a
nutrition study in Zhejiang province
MIN ZHANG, COLIN W BINNS, ANDY H LEE
This
study documents the dietary patterns and nutrient intake of 652 adult
women living in south-east China. Compared with data from previous
national surveys and other nutrition studies in China, the results
show different dietary patterns. The major differences include a greater
consumption of vegetables, fruits and animal foods, but a lower consumption
of cereal and tuber foods. The mean daily nutrient intakes of the
urban women met the Chinese recommended dietary allowances. However,
the situation was different in rural areas, where women had lower
mean intakes of vitamins and minerals. There were also significant
differences in dietary pattern and food consumption between these
two groups of women. Further improvements in dietary intake for those
residing in the south-east rural areas of China are needed.
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Serum
concentrations of micronutrient antioxidants in an adult Arab population
CLIFFORD ABIAKA, SAMUEL OLUSI, AMOS SIMBEY
Serum concentrations
of retinol, -tocopherol, -carotene and lycopene were measured by reversed-phase
high-performance liquid chromatography (r-P HPLC) in 260 randomly
selected healthy adult Kuwaitis (159 men and 101 women) aged 18-63
years (mean 33.3 years) to established reference ranges of the micronutrient
antioxidants. Total cholesterol concentrations were assayed by an
enzymatic method to determine -tocopherol : cholesterol ratios. The
mean ± SEM ( mol/L) for retinol, -tocopherol, -carotene and
lycopene were 1.76 ± 0.02, 20.0 ± 0.5, 0.52 ±
0.03, 0.95 ± 0.05, respectively. Compared to other populations,
these data showed, on the whole, ordinary concentrations of -carotene,
comparatively low concentrations of retinol and -tocopherol and high
concentrations of lycopene. Retinol concentrations were similar for
both sexes, whereas -tocopherol concentration was significantly (P<
0.0001) lower and the carotenoid levels ( -carotene and lycopene)
significantly higher (P< 0.0001) in women. Of the micronutrient
antioxidants, -tocopherol was most correlated with cholesterol (r
= 0.492; P< 0.0001). -Carotene and lycopene were highly correlated
with each other (r = 0.744, P< 0.0001). Age was positively associated
with -carotene (r = 0.214, P = 0.001) and lycopene (r = 239, P<
0.0001). Our data enabled us to establish a gender non-specific reference
range for retinol and gender-specific reference ranges for -tocopherol,
-carotene and lycopene.
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Physicochemical
properties and nutritional traits of millet-based weaning food suitable
for infants of the Kumaon hills, Northern India
ANJU THATHOLA, SARITA SRIVASTAVA
A weaning food based on malted foxtail millet flour (30%), malted
barnyard millet flour (30%), roasted soybean flour (25%) and skim
milk powder (15%) was prepared. The mix contained 18.37 g protein
and 398 kcal energy per 100 g. The nutrient composition of this unfortified
weaning (UW) mix met the Prevention of Food Adulteration (PFA) standards,
except in total ash. In order to meet the minor constituent requirements,
the UW mix was fortified. The fortified weaning (FW) mix met PFA standards
for various nutrients. The protein efficiency ratio of the UW mix
was 2.25 against a casein control, for which a value of 2.50 was recorded.
The nutrient composition, viscosity and sensory quality of the UW
mix was compared with the marketed weaning mix, commercial infant
formula. The viscosity of UW gruel was much lower (20 centipoise (cps))
than that of marketed weaning mix (7400 cps). The high -amylase activity
of 661 units in the UW mix was responsible for its low viscosity.
The sensory quality of UW mix and marketed weaning mix did not differ
significantly (P = 0.05). Both of the gruels were liked moderately
on the Hedonic Scale. The UW gruel met the acceptability criteria
for weaning food. It could be stored in plastic airtight containers.
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Assessment
of iodine deficiency in Kottayam district, Kerala State: a pilot study
UMESH KAPIL, PR JAYAKUMAR, PREETI SINGH, BHAWNA ANEJA, PRIYALI PATHAK
Iodine
is one of the essential micro-elements required for normal human growth
and development. Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD) are an important
public health problem in India. There has been no data on the prevalence
of IDD from the Kottayam district, India and hence, the present pilot
study was conducted in the year 1999 to assess whether iodine deficiency
existed in the district or not and to estimate the iodine content
of salt consumed by the population. A total of 1872 children in the
age group of 6-12 years were included in the study and were clinically
examined. On the spot urine samples were collected from 251 children.
A total of 420 salt samples were collected randomly from the families
of the children. The total goitre prevalence was found to be 7.05%
in the subjects studied. It was found that the percentage of children
with urinary iodine excretions of < 2, 2-< 5, 5-9 and 10 g/dL
and above were 6.4%, 6.0%, 20.7%, and 66.9%, respectively. Assessment
of the iodine content of salt by the iodometric titration method revealed
that 60.6% of the children were consuming salt with an iodine content
of 15 p.p.m. and more, which was the stipulated level of salt iodisation.
The findings of the present study indicated that the population is
in a transitional phase from iodine deficient, as revealed by total
goitre rate, to iodine sufficient nutriture, as revealed by the median
urinary iodine excretion level of 17.5 g/dL.
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Will
iron supplementation given during menstruation improve iron status
better than weekly supplementation?
JUDHIASTUTY FEBRUHARTANTY, DRUPADI DILLON, HELDA KHUSUN
To investigate the efficacy of two different iron supplements administered
either on a weekly basis or during menstruation, a 16-week community
experimental study was carried out among postmenarcheal female adolescent
students in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Forty eight students
received a placebo tablet weekly, 48 other students got an iron tablet
weekly and 41 students took an iron tablet for four consecutive days
during their menstruation cycle. All subjects were given deworming
tablets before supplementation. Haemoglobin, serum ferritin, height,
weight, mid-upper arm circumference and dietary intake were assessed
before and after intervention. The supplementation contributed to
a significant improvement in the iron status of the intervention groups
compared to the placebo group
(P< 0.05). In the menstruation group, the haemoglobin concentrations
of the anaemic subjects improved significantly (P< 0.05) while
for the non-anaemic subjects, serum ferritin concentrations also increased
significantly (P< 0.05). In the weekly group for anaemic and non-anaemic
subjects, there was a significant increase in both haemoglobin and
serum ferritin concentrations (P< 0.05). This study revealed that
weekly supplementation of iron tablets continued for 16 weeks contributed
a higher improvement to haemoglobin concentration, compared with supplementing
iron tablets for four consecutive days during menstruation for four
menstrual cycles. This suggests that weekly iron supplementation is
preferable.
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A
prospective study of weight and height going from infancy to adolescence
PRASONG TIENBOON, MARK L WAHLQVIST
Weight and height from infancy to age 15 years was studied in the
Geelong population (n = 1200 in infancy; n = 213 at adolescence),
Victoria, Australia. Body mass index (BMI) increased from 3 months
to 12 months and then decreased again until 80 months after which
it increased to 20.5 kg/m2 at the age of 15 years. The extent of tracking
of BMI in infants classified as overweight or underweight was similar
and differed from that of subjects of normal weight. Only one in four
of the infants classified as overweight or underweight in infancy
were still in the same category in adolescence, compared with three
in four of those classified as of normal weight. Socioeconomic status
has an effect on weight and height status in adolescence but not on
the tracking of BMI. The age at 6-7 years is a critical age for weight
and height status in adolescence. It appears that weight and height
in infancy have a significant relationship with body size in adolescence
but only in boys.
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Role
of plant metabolites in toxic liver injury
MUKUL K GOLE, S DASGUPTA
Aphanamixis
polystachya is a traditional medicinal plant of the Meliaceae family
in India. A crude ethanolic extract of the leaf of this plant shows
a beneficial effect on toxic liver injury. Its antihepatotoxic activity
was evaluated on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury
in a rat model. The assessment of hepatoprotective activity was evaluated
by measuring the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT),
alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), acid
phosphatase (ACP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum total bilirubin
and albumin and histology of the liver. The crude leaf extract significantly
inhibits the enhanced ASAT, ALAT, ALP, ACP and LDH activities released
from the CCl4-intoxicated animals. It also ameliorated the depressed
value of serum albumin and the enhanced value of total bilirubin in
plasma caused by CCl4 intoxication. The study showed that the crude
ethanolic extract from A. polystachya leaves provided protection against
acute carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage.
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Characteristics
of soy bread users and their beliefs about soy products
ANTHONY WORSLEY, MARK L WAHLQVIST, FABIEN S DALAIS, GAYLE S SAVIGE
A two-stage random
telephone/mail survey was conducted during the last quarter of 1998
among Adelaide residents to determine consumers' use of soy bread
and other soy products and their health expectations of soy products.
One in five (21%) of 1477 telephone subscribers usually consumed soy
bread and related soy products. Comparisons of soy bread consumers
and non-consumers, based on the mail survey sample, showed that more
soy bread consumers used dietary supplements and ate low fat and vegetarian
diets, though their experiences of ill health were similar. Soy bread
consumers held stronger universalism (pro-nature) values than non-consumers.
They also held more positive expectations about the benefits of soy
consumption, including reductions in menstrual and menopausal symptoms,
increased bowel regularity and reductions in the risk of heart disease
and cancer. The findings are discussed in relation to the psychology
of dietary supplementation, values orientations and physiological
plausibility. Further investigations are suggested.
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A valid food frequency questionnaire for measuring dietary fish intake
ROSALIE K WOODS, RACHEL M STONEY, PAUL D IRELAND, MICHAEL J BAILEY,
JOAN M RAVEN, FRANK CK THIEN, E HAYDN WALTERS, MICHAEL J ABRAMSON
There
is considerable interest in the potentially protective effects of
high fish consumption on many chronic diseases. Many epidemiological
studies use food frequency questionnaires (FFQ) to quantify usual
dietary fish intake, so it is important to validate this assessment
against objective markers. The objective of this study was to determine
the relationship between plasma percentage fatty acids and dietary
fish intake as assessed by a FFQ. A semiquantitative FFQ was completed
by 174 adults from the community (aged 26-49 years) who also had venous
blood analysed for plasma percentage fatty acids. Following linear
regression modelling, total non-fried fish intake was a significant
predictor of n-3 (regression coefficient, B = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.60-1.28),
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; B = 0.73; 95% CI = 0.47-0.99) and the ratio
of n-6 : n-3 fatty acids (B = -1.0; 95% CI = - 1.35-- 0.65). Steamed,
grilled or baked fish was a small but significant predictor of eicosapentaenoic
acid (EPA) levels (B = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.05-0.21) while total fish
intake was a predictor of n-6 fatty acids (B = - 0.88; 95% CI = -
1.41-- 0.36). This semiquantitative FFQ could be useful for ranking
subjects according to their likely plasma n-3, DHA, and n-6 fatty
acid intake and the ratio of n-6 : n-3 fatty acids, when the available
resources may simply not permit biological markers to be used.
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Deficient
dietary vitamin K intake among elderly nursing home residents in Hong
Kong
SAMUEL LS TSE, THOMAS YK CHAN, DAPHNE MY WU, ALBERT YK CHEUNG, TIMOTHY
CY KWOK
There is strong evidence supporting the importance of vitamin K in
bone health and the aetiological role of vitamin K deficiency in osteoporosis.
In view of the common occurrence of osteoporosis among older subjects
in Hong Kong, we have studied the dietary vitamin K intakes in 100
residents of a nursing home (43 men, 57 women; median age 81.0 years)
and 88 free-living subjects attending a day care centre (13 men, 75
women; median age 71.5 years). The subjects were interviewed and the
average vitamin K intake in the preceding week was estimated, using
a diet recall questionnaire modified from our previous surveys of
dietary patterns in local Chinese people. The median vitamin K intake
was much lower in nursing home residents than in free-living subjects
(4.50 vs 488.09 g/day or 0.13 vs 8.74 g/kg/day, P< 0.001). An intake
that was below the recommended daily intake was far more common among
nursing home residents (86.0 vs 11.4%, P< 0.001). Among nursing
home residents, there was a negative correlation between age and vitamin
K intake (r = -0.217, P = 0.030), but there was a positive correlation
between body weight and vitamin K intake (r = 0.244, P = 0.015). No
such relationship was seen among free-living subjects. Elderly nursing
home residents in this study generally had a poor dietary vitamin
K intake and might therefore be predisposed to osteoporosis. The importance
of green leafy vegetables as a rich source of vitamin K should be
emphasised.
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Association of overall and abdominal obesity with
coronary heart disease risk factors: comparison between urban and
rural Indian men
PALLA VENKATRAMANA, PALAKURU C REDDY
The relationship of body mass index (BMI), conicity index (CI) and
waist circumference to four coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors
(systolic and diastolic blood pressures, total cholesterol and high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels) was examined in urban (n = 110)
and rural (n = 102) men aged 20 years, drawn from the 'Reddy' population
of Southern Andhra Pradesh, India. Using ANCOVA we found significant
difference (< 0.01) for systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol
and HDL cholesterol between the urban and rural samples. The Pearson's
correlation coefficients suggest that BMI and waist circumference
had significant relationships with most of the risk factors in both
the populations. The CI did not significantly influence any of the
risk factors in the urban population; however, in the rural population,
CI did show a significant positive relationship with both of the blood
pressures and with TC. Even after controlling for age, smoking and
physical activity (partial correlations), the relations remained constant.
In multiple linear regression, BMI showed significant positive association
with systolic and diastolic blood pressures (< 0.01) and HDL cholesterol
(< 0.05) in the rural population only. However, the CI showed a
significant association with HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference
with total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol in the rural population.
The results of the present study revealed that BMI and waist circumference
had a greater influence on the CHD risk factors, and that the influence
was more conspicuous in the rural sample. Comparing the association
of abdominal obesity measures (CI and waist circumference) with CHD
risk factors, waist circumference better correlated with most of the
risk factors. Hence the present study suggests that BMI and waist
circumference are better indicators of CHD risk factors. However,
the importance of CI has to be further studied in South Asian populations.
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Cholesterol oxides: their occurrence and methods to
prevent their generation in foods
GEOFFREY P SAVAGE, PARESH C DUTTA, MARIA T RODRIGUEZ-ESTRADA
Eight cholesterol oxides are commonly found in foods with high cholesterol
content, such as meat, egg yolk and full fat dairy products. Factors
known to increase the production of cholesterol oxides in foods are
heat, light, radiation, oxygen, moisture, low pH, certain pro-oxidising
agents and the storage of food at room temperature. Processes, such
as pre-cooking, freeze-drying, dehydration and irradiation, have all
been reported to result in increased production of cholesterol oxides
in meats. As prepared consumer foods are becoming increasingly popular,
the consumption of higher levels of cholesterol oxides in foods is
inevitable. An understanding of the mechanisms involved in the generation
of cholesterol oxides may assist in their reduction in foods and possibly
reduce the impact of these compounds on human health.
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Anticancer
and health protective properties of citrus fruit components
JANSEN SILALAHI
Accumulated
evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies indicates that
there is a low risk of degenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease,
hypertension, cataract, stroke and, in particular, cancers in people
with a high intake of fruit and vegetables. This protective effect
is assumed to be associated mainly with the antioxidant activities
of either individual or interacting bioactive components present in
the fruits and vegetables, and with other biochemical and physical
characteristics of the identified and unknown bioactive components.
The implicated bioactive components present in citrus fruits include
vitamin C, -carotene, flavonoids, limonoids, folic acid, and dietary
fibre. A high intake of citrus fruits may reduce the risk of degenerative
diseases.
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Updated: September 2004
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