Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 10, issue 3,
2001
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Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
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Asia-Pacific
Clinical Nutrition Society 2001 Award
Wei-Jao
Chen |
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Self-rated health and its relationship to functional status
and well-being in a group of elderly Guatemalan subjects
DENA R HERMAN, NOEL W SOLOMONS, IVAN MENDOZA, AZHAR K QURESHI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):176-182.
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Dietary
trend and diabetes: its association among indigenous Fijians 1952
to 1994
JIMAIMA V LAKO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):183-187.
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Dietary
patterns and risk factors of diabetes mellitus among urban indigenous
women in Fiji
JIMAIMA V LAKO, VAN CHUYEN NGUYEN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):188-193.
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Plasma
homocysteine level in relation to folate and vitamin B6 status
in apparently normal men
AMBLE VASUDEVAYYA LAKSHMI, CHALASANI MANIPRABHA, TRIPURARIBHATLA
PRASANNA KRISHNA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):194-196.
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Comparison
of selenium status between Japanese living in Tokyo and Japanese
Brazilians in São Paulo, Brazil
KANAE KARITA, GERSON S HAMADA, SHOICHIRO TSUGANE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):197-199.
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Re-emergence
of iodine deficiency in Australia
MU LI, GARY MA, KARMALA GUTTIKONDA, STEVEN C BOYAGES, CRESWELL
J EASTMAN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):200-203.
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Cholesterol
lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods
LEISA RIDGES, RACHEL SUNDERLAND, KATHERINE MOERMAN, BARBARA MEYER,
LEE ASTHEIMER, PETER HOWE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):204-211.
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Similar therapeutic serum levels attained with emulsified and
oil-based preparations of coenzyme Q10
WILLIAM LYON, OLIVIER
VAN DEN BRINK, SALVATORE PEPE, MICHELLE WOWK, SILVANA MARASCO,
FRANKLIN L ROSENFELDT
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):-212-215.
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Evaluation
of the significance of dietary folate from wild vegetables in
Vietnam
BRITTA M OGLE, MADELENE JOHANSSON, HO THI TUYET, LENA JOHANNESSON
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):216-221.
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Indigenous
mucuna tempe as functional food
SRI HANDAJANI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):222-225.
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New
approach for weight reduction by a combination of diet, light
resistance exercise and the timing of ingesting a protein supplement
TATSUYA DOI, TATSUHIRO MATSUO, MAYUMI SUGAWARA, KEITARO MATSUMOTO,
KAORI MINEHIRA, KOICHIRO HAMADA, KOJI OKAMURA, MASASHIGE SUZUKI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):226-232.
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Dietary
D-psicose, a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, suppresses the activity
of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, YOSHITAKE BABA, MINEO HASHIGUCHI, KEI TAKESHITA,
KEN IZUMORI, HIROO SUZUKI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):233-237.
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Protection
of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced in vivo clastogenicity
by aqueous garlic extract
S ARIVAZHAGAN, S NAGINI, ST SANTHIYA, A RAMESH
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):238-241.
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Wheat
bran equivalents based on faecal bulking indices for dietary management
of faecal bulk
JOHN A MONRO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(3):242-248.
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Self-rated
health and its relationship to functional status and well-being in
a group of elderly Guatemalan subjects
DENA R HERMAN, NOEL W SOLOMONS, IVAN MENDOZA, AZHAR K QURESHI
This study
examined the association of self-rated health with physical function
and emotional well-being, while controlling for differences in sex,
age and anthropometry. Subjects were participants in a multicentre
study originated by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences
(IUNS). A total of 151 elderly Guatemalan subjects were examined using
a questionnaire which included information on self-rated health, activities
of daily living, well-being, and a common battery of anthropometric
variables. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) obtained with polytomous logistic
regression showed that subjects with the highest score on the well-being
index compared with those with the lowest were 1.67 times more likely
(P-value <0.001, confidence interval (C.I.) = 1.31-2.14) to rate
themselves in 'good' health versus 'fair' and 'poor' health. Subjects
with the highest score versus those with the lowest on the mobility
index were 1.15 times more likely (P-value <0.05, (C.I.) = 1.00-1.32)
to rate themselves in 'good' health versus the other health ratings.
These are the first results to examine the relationship of self-rated
health to physical function and emotional well-being of elderly, free-living
Guatemalans.
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Dietary
trend and diabetes: its association among indigenous Fijians 1952
to 1994
JIMAIMA V LAKO
The
dietary trends of indigenous Fijians have changed drastically in the
past 50 years. Deviating from the traditional food consumption pattern
and traditional lifestyle may have increased the incidence and prevalence
of non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study is to examine
the dietary trends of the indigenous Fijians in relation to the prevalence
of diabetes from 1952 to 1994. The data used were obtained from the
Naduri Nutrition Survey reports of 1952 to 1994, the Fiji National
Nutrition Survey reports of 1983 and 1993, and the two diabetes survey
reports of 1965 and 1980. Results indicated an increased consumption
of introduced foods, which may be associated with an increased prevalence
of diabetes. The total energy derived from cereals and sugar increased
dramatically with a reduction in consumption of traditional foods.
The prevalence of diabetes among the urban indigenous population in
1965 was very low compared to the 1980 figure, while the National
Nutrition Survey of the same ethnic group showed a 433% increase of
urban diabetes from 1965 to 1993. The hospital diabetes admission
cases of 1952 to 1982 also showed an increased trend.
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Dietary
patterns and risk factors of diabetes mellitus among urban indigenous
women in Fiji
JIMAIMA V LAKO, VAN CHUYEN NGUYEN
The
dietary patterns of indigenous Fijians are changing rapidly. Dietary
relationships in regard to the prevalence of diabetes are poorly studied
in Fiji. A survey was conducted to show the relationship of dietary
patterns and other lifestyle factors for the development of diabetes
among urban indigenous women in Fiji. A sample of 200 Fijian women
aged 30-39 who agreed to participate were interviewed by the use of
semiquantitative food frequency, 3 day-24 h recall study. Physical
activity and ceremonial dietary customs were also taken into consideration.
Anthropometry included measurements of height, weight, waist and hip.
Total percentage bodyfat measurements and glycosuria tests were also
conducted. The results showed high rates of obesity manifested in
high percentage bodyfat, high body mass index (BMI) and high waist
and hip ratio (WHR). The mean 24 h dietary intake exhibited a moderate
intake of protein, high intake of fat and a low intake of carbohydrate.
The carbohydrate reduction was a result from the decline in consumption
of traditional staples. Consumption of cereals and related products
favored the high intake of butter and margarine and also encouraged
the use of cooking oil in frying varieties of flour products. The
daily intake of anti-oxidant vitamins of -carotene and vitamin E were
low, however there was a high intake of vitamin C. The food frequency
study revealed cassava, bread and sugar were consumed daily as the
main carbohydrate foods. Fish and meat were the most frequently consumed
protein foods. The main beverage was sweet tea with whole-cream milk.
Butter, margarine, coconut cream, cheap lamb flaps and cooking oil
provided the main sources of fat. Levels of physical activity included
high sedentary lifestyles with a high rate of subjects being overweight
and obese. Ceremonial dietary customs showed a high consumption of
meat and fish. Fruits were rarely consumed. Glycosuria existed among
the age group under study. The impact of dietary transition, coupled
with dietary excesses and physical inactivity, seem to be potential
risk factors of diabetes among the indigenous women in the urban area.
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Plasma
homocysteine level in relation to folate and vitamin B6 status in
apparently normal men
AMBLE VASUDEVAYYA LAKSHMI, CHALASANI MANIPRABHA, TRIPURARIBHATLA PRASANNA
KRISHNA
The prevalence
of subclinical deficiencies of folate and vitamin B6 in India is high
and preliminary investigation showed higher mean plasma total homocysteine
level in Indians compared with the values reported for western populations.
The present study was carried out in 40 apparently normal men to examine
the relationship between plasma total homocysteine level and folate
and vitamin B6 status. The mean plasma homocysteine level was high
and was inversely related to folate status as judged by red blood
cells or plasma folate concentrations. There was no significant relationship
between fasting homocysteine level and vitamin B6 status.
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Comparison
of selenium status between Japanese living in Tokyo and Japanese Brazilians
in São Paulo, Brazil
KANAE KARITA, GERSON S HAMADA, SHOICHIRO TSUGAN
Selenium
(Se) concentrations were determined in human serum, rice and wheat
flour sampled in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and compared
with those sampled in Tokyo, Japan. Serum levels of Se were significantly
lower in Japanese Brazilians than Japanese living in Tokyo. The samples
of rice consumed by Japanese Brazilians in São Paulo contained
22.7 ng Se/g on average, which was about half the selenium level in
rice consumed in Tokyo. Rice commonly consumed in São Paulo
might be one of the factors to lower the serum level of Se.
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Re-emergence
of iodine deficiency in Australia
MU LI, GARY MA, KARMALA GUTTIKONDA, STEVEN C BOYAGES, CRESWELL J EASTMAN
Iodine
is an essential nutrient for human growth and development. The thyroid
gland is dependent upon iodine for production of thyroid hormone.
It is a common perception that iodine deficiency is not a major public
health concern in mainland Australia, with sporadic studies carried
out about a decade ago showing average urinary iodine excretion levels
of around 200 g/day. Recent evidence, however, has shown that the
consumption of iodine is declining in Australia. A similar situation
has occurred in the USA. The present study was designed to evaluate
the urinary iodine excretion (UIE), as the indicator of iodine nutrition,
in samples obtained from various demographic groups in the Sydney
metropolitian area, namely: schoolchildren, healthy adult volunteers,
pregnant women and patients with diabetes. Urinary iodine in spot
urine sample was measured in a Technicon II autoanalyser using an
in-house, semiautomated method. The results in this communication
show that all four study groups had the median UIE below 100 g/L,
the criteria set by the World Health Organization for iodine repletion,
and confirm what has been described previously, that iodine deficiency
has reemerged in Sydney, Australia. One of the major causes of the
reduced iodine intake is the reduction of iodine in milk since the
dairy industry replaced iodine-rich cleaning solutions with other
sanitisers. Secondly, less than 10% of the population are currently
using iodised salt. A national survey into the iodine nutrition status
in Australia is urgently required as part of the establishment of
a systematic surveillance and legislation is required to iodise all
edible salt.
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Cholesterol
lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods
LEISA RIDGES, RACHEL SUNDERLAND, KATHERINE MOERMAN, BARBARA MEYER,
LEE ASTHEIMER, PETER HOWE
Foods such as breads and breakfast cereals enriched with a combination
of soy protein (soy grits and/or soy flour) and whole linseed are
gaining popularity. Regular consumption of either whole grains or
soy protein can lower risk factors for coronary heart disease. Furthermore,
linseed is a rich source of the omega-3 fatty acid, -linolenic acid
(LNA), with purported cardiovascular benefits. The aim of this study
was to determine the effect of daily consumption of soy and linseed
containing foods and Canola (as an added source of LNA) on plasma
lipid concentrations in 20 mildly hypercholesterolaemic postmenopausal
women. Fasted blood samples were taken initially and after 3 and 8
weeks to assay plasma lipids and both plasma and erythrocyte membrane
fatty acids. Urinary isoflavones were also measured. Data from 18
subjects were used for analysis. Plasma total, low-density lipoprotein
(LDL) and non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations
fell significantly (10, 12.5 and 12%, respectively) within 3 weeks.
Although attenuated, there were still significant reductions in total
and non-HDL cholesterol (5 and 6.5%, respectively) after 8 weeks of
intervention. These reductions were associated with increases in urinary
isoflavone excretion. This pilot study indicates that regular inclusion
of foods containing soy and linseed in the diet may improve plasma
lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolaemia.
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Similar
therapeutic serum levels attained with emulsified and oil-based preparations
of coenzyme Q10
WILLIAM LYON, OLIVIER VAN
DEN BRINK, SALVATORE PEPE, MICHELLE WOWK, SILVANA MARASCO, FRANKLIN
L ROSENFELDT
Studies
of the therapeutic efficacy of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) have been confounded
by the variable bioavailability of numerous CoQ10 preparations. The
aims of the present study were to determine the early serum levels
attained by two different preparations of CoQ10, a soybean oil-based
preparation and a complex micelle emulsion and to assess whether these
preparations of oral CoQ10 influence plasma lipid profiles. Twelve
healthy individuals received 300 mg CoQ10 daily of either preparation
for 7 days in a double-blind cross-over design with a 21-day washout
period. Blood samples to determine serum levels of CoQ10 and lipids
were taken at baseline, after 24 h and 7 days. Both preparations induced
significant increases in serum CoQ10 levels at 24 h and 7 days. These
were for soy oil: baseline 0.27 ± 0.03 mol/L, 24 h 0.50 ±
0.04 mol/L (180%) and 7 days 0.80 ± 0.05 mol/L (291%), mean
± SEM; for emulsion: baseline 0.29 ± 0.03 mol/L, 24
h 0.45 ± 0.03 mol/L (150%) and 7 days 0.79 ± 0.06 mol/L
(270%). There were no significant differences between CoQ10 levels
for the two preparations at either time point. There was no change
in any of the serum lipids following the 7 days treatment. We conclude
that administration of either a soy oil suspension or a complex emulsion
of CoQ10 increases serum levels to the therapeutic range within 1
week.
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Evaluation
of the significance of dietary folate from wild vegetables in Vietnam
BRITTA M OGLE, MADELENE JOHANSSON, HO THI TUYET, LENA JOHANNESSON
Data on the overall dietary folate intakes among high-risk groups
in poor countries is very limited. Vegetables are considered good
sources but the evaluation of their contribution is hampered by the
lack of data on folate concentrations in many traditional foods. Data
on the analysis of folate concentrations in 16 wild vegetables used
in the Mekong Delta and the Central Highlands in Vietnam and an evaluation
of the relative importance of different foods in folate intakes of
women is presented. Vegetable samples were collected in four study
villages, blanched and frozen samples were transported to Sweden for
analysis. Freeze-dried samples were analysed for total folate quantification
using a commercial radio protein binding assay. Daily folate intakes
among women were estimated from 7-day food frequency interviews with
213 women. The folate concentration in the vegetable samples ranged
from 10 to 96 g/100 g. The mean estimated daily folate intake among
the 213 women in the study areas was 251 g. Vegetables contributed
approximately one-third of the daily folate intake, of which 72% and
42%, respectively, in the two regions was from wild vegetables. A
majority of the women (87%) got some dietary folate from wild vegetables
and nearly one-third had mean daily folate intakes of > 50 g from
such hidden food sources. The evaluation of dietary folate is complicated
by data gaps in food composition tables, the unreliability of existing
food data, variations between methods used for folate analysis and
limited understanding of the bioavailability of food folate.
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Indigenous
mucuna tempe as functional food
SRI HANDAJANI
The aim
of the present study was to obtain the nutritive and bioactive compounds
of mucuna tempe and the consumer preference of its formulated snack.
The tempe was made traditionally from mucuna prurience seeds using
'ragi tempe' as inoculants. Proximate, vitamin, mineral and dietary
fibre analysis was done using the methods of the Association of Official
Analytical Chemists, isoflavone was analysed using high performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) with an RP-18 column and a UV detector.
The preference test was done using scoring methods by trained panelists.
The study demonstrates that compared with soybean tempe, mucuna tempe
had a higher dietary fibre level, but lower vitamin E content. The
mucuna tempe contains 31.5% protein, 7.3% fat, 3.0% ash, 58.1% carbohydrate
and 9.1% fibre. It contains 0.551 mg/L isoflavone aglucone; daidzin
is the highest, followed by Factor II (6,7,4 trihydroxy isoflavone)
that is much higher than that of soybeans tempe. These are much higher
isoflavone aglucone contents than found in soybeans tempe. The preference
score for a 20%mucuna tempe-based snack was not significantly different
compared with control or with the preference score for a 10% soybean
tempe-based snack. This preliminary study needs to be followed by
both in vitro and in vivo studies.
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New
approach for weight reduction by a combination of diet, light resistance
exercise and the timing of ingesting a protein supplement
TATSUYA DOI, TATSUHIRO MATSUO, MAYUMI SUGAWARA, KEITARO MATSUMOTO,
KAORI MINEHIRA, KOICHIRO HAMADA, KOJI OKAMURA, MASASHIGE SUZUKII
We have reported
that ingesting a meal immediately after exercise increased skeletal
muscle accretion and less adipose tissue accumulation in rats employed
in a 10 week resistance exercise program. We hypothesized that a possible
increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) as a result of the larger
skeletal muscle mass might be responsible for the less adipose deposition.
Therefore, the effect of the timing of a protein supplement after
resistance exercise on body composition and the RMR was investigated
in 17 slightly overweight men. The subjects participated in a 12-week
weight reduction program consisting of mild energy restriction (17%
energy intake reduction) and a light resistance exercise using a pair
of dumbbells (3-5 kg). The subjects were assigned to two groups. Group
S ingested a protein supplement (10 g protein, 7 g carbohydrate, 3.3
g fat and one-third of recommended daily allowance (RDA) of vitamins
and minerals) immediately after exercise. Group C did not ingest the
supplement. Daily intake of both energy and protein was equal between
the two groups and the protein intake met the RDA. After 12 weeks,
the bodyweight, skinfold thickness, girth of waist and hip and percentage
bodyfat significantly decreased in the both groups, however, no significant
differences were observed between the groups. The fat-free mass significantly
decreased in C, whereas its decrease in S was not significant. The
RMR and post-meal total energy output significantly increased in S,
while these variables did not change in C. In addition, the urinary
nitrogen excretion tended to increase in C but not in S. These results
suggest that the RMR increase observed in S might be associated with
an increase in body protein synthesis.
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Dietary D-psicose, a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, suppresses the
activity of hepatic lipogenic enzymes in rats
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, YOSHITAKE BABA, MINEO HASHIGUCHI, KEI TAKESHITA,
KEN IZUMORI, HIROO SUZUKI
D-Psicose ( D-ribo-2-hexulose), a C-3 epimer of D-fructose, is present
in small quantities in commercial carbohydrate complexes or agricultural
products. Wistar male rats were fed experimental diets which consisted
of 5% D-psicose, cellulose, D-fructose or D-glucose for 28 days. Abdominal
adipose tissue weight was significantly lower (P< 0.05) in rats
fed the D-psicose diet than in rats fed a D-fructose and D-glucose
diets, even though the four dietary groups were offered the same amount
throughout the experimental period. Fatty acid synthase and glucose
6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities in the liver were significantly
lower (P< 0.05) in rats fed the D-psicose diet than in rats fed
the D-fructose and D-glucose diets. However, lipoprotein lipase activities
in the heart, soleus muscle and perirenal adipose tissue were the
same. These results suggest that a supplement of D-psicose in the
diet suppresses hepatic lipogenic enzyme activities. The lower abdominal
fat accumulation in rats fed a D-psicose diet might result from lower
lipogenesis in the liver.
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Protection
of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced in vivo clastogenicity
by aqueous garlic extract
S ARIVAZHAGAN, S NAGINI, ST SANTHIYA, A RAMESH
The modulatory effects of garlic extract on the in vivo clastogenicity
of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), a carcinogenic nitrosamine,
were evaluated by quantification of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations
in metaphase cells from the bone marrow of male Wistar rats. A single
intraperitoneal injection of MNNG (40 mg/kg bodyweight) was found
to be clastogenic as revealed by the increased frequency of micronucleated
polychromatic erythrocytes and chromosomal aberrations. Pretreatment
with aqueous garlic extract (250 mg/kg bodyweight) for 5 days significantly
reduced the frequencies of MNNG-induced micronuclei and chromosomal
aberrations. The results demonstrate that administration of garlic
extract protects against the clastogenic effects of MNNG.
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Wheat
bran equivalents based on faecal bulking indices for dietary management
of faecal bulk
JOHN A MONRO
Wheat bran equivalents for faecal bulking (WBEfb) are defined as the
gram quantity of wheat bran that would augment faecal bulk to the
same extent as a given quantity of a specified food, and its development
as a food datum for the dietary management of distal colonic bulk
is discussed in this paper. The WBEfb content of a food is derived
from the faecal bulking index (FBI), which is a standardised physiological
measure of the relative faecal bulking efficacy of foods on an equal
edible weight basis. The FBI is defined as the increment in hydrated
faecal matter per gram of a food consumed as a percentage of the increment
due to the same weight of reference food (1 mm hard red wheat bran;
FBI = 100). The FBI values allow the contribution of hydrated solids
to the distal colon to be related to that of any reference of known
FBI such as wheat bran, the suitability of which as a reference material
is discussed. By expressing the increment in bulk as WBEfb, the relative
impact of any quantity of an individual food on faecal bulk may be
determined, and the effect of foods in mixed diets approximated by
summation. Examples are given of the dietary management of distal
colonic bulk using WBEfb, with one cup of wheat bran containing 27.5
g of dietary fibre - about the mean recommended daily fibre intake
for adults - used as theoretical adequate daily intake of potential
faecal bulk. The FBI and WBEfb are proposed as examples of the types
of evidence-based data sets that may complement food composition data
in selecting foods for physiological function.
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Updated: September 2004
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