Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 10, issue 1,
2001
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Contents |
Abstract |
Paper
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Obituary
Professor Vichai Tanphaichitr
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):1. |
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There are many Mediterranean diets
ANN NOAH, ARTHUR STEWART TRUSWELL
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):2-9.
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Contemporary
Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia
NUR I LIPOETO, ZULKARNAIN AGUS, FADIL OENZIL, MUKHTAR MASRUL,
NAIYANA WATTANAPENPAIBOON, MARK L WAHLQVIST
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):10-16.
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Lack
of awareness of public health promotion messages among a group
of adult New Zealanders who meet national guidelines for food
intake and physical activity
J HILARY GREEN, FIONA E BOYLE
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):17-20.
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Significance
of wild vegetables in micronutrient intakes of women in Vietnam:
an analysis of food variety
BRITTA M OGLE, PHAM HUANG HUNG, HO THI TUYET
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):21-30.
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Poor
nutritional status in older black South Africans
KAREN E CHARLTON, LESLEY T BOURNE, KRISELA STEYN, JACOBA A LAUBSCHER
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):31-38.
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Can
dietary factors explain differences in serum cholesterol profiles
among different ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in
Singapore?
MABEL DEURENBERG-YAP, TERESA LI, WEI LING TAN, WIJA A VAN STAVEREN,
SUOK KAI CHEW, PAUL DEURENBERG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):39-45.
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Effects
of a liquid diet supplement containing structured medium- and
long-chain triacylglycerols on bodyfat accumulation in healthy
young subjects
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, MASAKO MATSUO, MICHIO KASAI, HIROYUKI TAKEUCHI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):46-50.
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Study
of biochemical prevalence indicators for the assessment of iodine
deficiency disorders in adults at field conditions in Gujarat
(India)
SHEELA R BRAHMBHATT, RON FEARNLEY, RAJESH M BRAHMBHATT, CRESWELL
J EASTMAN, STEVEN C BOYAGES
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):51-57.
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Elimination
of iodine deficiency disorders by 2000 and its bearing on the
people in a district of Orissa, India: a knowledge-attitude-practices
study
SURENDRA SS MOHAPATRA, GANDHAM BULLIYYA, ANNA
S KERKETTA, JAGAJIVAN JB GEDDAM, ARDHENDU S ACHARYA
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):58-62.
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Serum
vitamin A concentrations and growth in children and adolescents
in Gansu Province, China
WENBIAO HU, SHILU TONG, BRIAN OLDENBURG, XINGCHAN FENG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):63-66.
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Focused
gut-mucosal nutrition for diarrhoeal disease: improved nutrient
therapy
WILLIAM EW ROEDIGER, SUSAN H MILLARD, ANTHONY R BIRD
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2001;10(1):67-68. |
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There
are many Mediterranean diets
ANN NOAH, ARTHUR STEWART TRUSWELL
Interest in Mediterranean diet began 30 years ago,
when Ancel Keys published the results of the famous Seven Countries
Study. Since 1945, almost 1.3 million people have come to Australia
from Mediterranean countries as new settlers. There are 18 countries
with coasts on the Mediterranean sea: Spain, southern France, Italy,
Malta, Croatia, Bosnia, Albania, Greece, Cyprus, Turkey, Syria, Lebanon,
Egypt, Libya, Malta, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco. This study from
which this report derives aims to investigate the influence of the
food habits of immigrants from Mediterranean countries on Australian
food intake. Here we look at the 'traditional' food habits of the
above Mediterranean countries as told by 102 people we interviewed
in Sydney, who came from 18 Mediterranean countries to Sydney. Most
of the informants were women, their age ranged from 35 to 55 years.
The interview was open-ended and held in the informant's home. It
usually lasted around 1½ hours. The interview had three parts.
Personal information was obtained, questions relating to the food
habits of these people back in their original Mediterranean countries
and how their food intake and habits have changed in Australia were
also asked. From the interviews, we have obtained a broad picture
of 'traditional' food habits in different Mediterranean countries.
The interview data was checked with books of recipes for the different
countries. While there were similarities between the countries, there
are also important differences in the food habits of the Mediterranean
countries. Neighbouring countries' food habits are closer than those
on opposite sides of the Mediterranean Sea. We suggest that these
food habits can be put into four groups. The data here refer to food
habits in Mediterranean countries 20 or 30 years ago, as they were
recovering from the Second World War. There is no single ideal Mediterranean
diet. Nutritionists who use the concept should qualify the individual
country and the time in history of their model Mediterranean diet.
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Contemporary
Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia
NUR I LIPOETO, ZULKARNAIN AGUS, FADIL OENZIL, MUKHTAR MASRUL, NAIYANA
WATTANAPENPAIBOON,
MARK L WAHLQVIST
Diet
has a strong relationship with food culture and changes in it are
likely to be involved in the pathogenesis of newly emergent degenerative
diseases. To obtain in-depth opinions about the food culture of Minangkabau
people, focus group discussions were conducted in a Minangkabau region,
represented by four villages in West Sumatra, Indonesia, from January
to March 1999. The members of the discussion groups were principally
women aged from 35 to 82 years old. Minangkabau culture is matriarchal
and matrilineal which accounts for female gender dominants in the
discussions. Rice, fish, coconut and chilli are the basic ingredients
of the Minangkabau meals. Meat, especially beef and chicken, is mainly
prepared for special occasions; pork is not halal and therefore not
eaten by Muslim Minangkabau people; and for reasons of taste preference
and availability, lamb, goat and wild game are rarely eaten. However,
rendang, a popular meat dish, has been identified as one of the Minangkabau
food culture characteristic dishes. Vegetables are consumed daily.
Fruit is mainly seasonal, although certain kinds of fruit, such as
banana, papaya and citrus, can be found all year around. Coconut has
an important role in Minangkabau food culture and is the main source
of dietary fat. While almost all food items consumed by the Minangkabau
can be cooked with coconut milk, fried food with coconut oil is considered
to be a daily basic food. Desiccated coconut is also used as a food
ingredient on about a weekly basis and in snack foods almost every
day. Although there have been no changes in food preparation and there
is a slight difference in taste preference between the young and the
old generations, there has been a dramatic shift in food preferences,
which is reflected in the changing percentage of energy consumed over
the past 15 years. The traditional combination of rice, fish and coconut
in Minangkabau culture goes back hundreds of years, long before the
emergence of the degenerative diseases of the newer economies, and
is likely to offer food security and health protection to the Minangkabau
for as long as the lifestyle remains traditional. Whether or not a
recent increase in energy intake from fat and the quality of fat may
contribute to the shift of disease pattern is fundamentally important
for the Minangkabau, it seems unlikely the traditional use of coconut
and its products was a health issue. Moreover, it was clear from the
focus group discussions that the use of coconut encouraged the consumption
of fish and vegetables.
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Lack
of awareness of public health promotion messages among a group of
adult New Zealanders who meet national guidelines for food intake
and physical activity
J HILARY GREEN, FIONA E BOYLE
The
aim of this study was to assess the awareness of national health promotion
messages in a group of self-selected New Zealanders. This study involved
104 self-selected New Zealanders (41 men and 63 women) over the age
of 40. Awareness of national health promotion messages was assessed
using a mailed out questionnaire, and 69 of these were returned. Basic
anthropometric measurements were made (height, weight, hip and waist
circumference) and habitual physical activity was defined using a
questionnaire. Food intake was estimated by 24-h dietary recall. Overall,
this group of people met the New Zealand national guidelines for exercise,
physical activity and food intake. There was good awareness of the
public health organisations in New Zealand, but only half the people
that we sampled had a general idea about the content of the health
messages of these organisations. This group of New Zealand adults
had a healthy lifestyle that was not associated with a high awareness
of public health messages, suggesting that other sources of health
information are used.
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Significance
of wild vegetables in micronutrient intakes of women in Vietnam: an
analysis of food variety
BRITTA M OGLE, PHAM HUANG HUNG, HO THI TUYET
The association
between food variety and nutrient intake/health status among rural
women was tested in two agro-ecological settings in Vietnam. Special
emphasis was placed on the significance of wild vegetables 'Rau Dai'
in micronutrient supply and on the usefulness of food variety analysis
in determining their current role. Data from 7-day food frequency
interviews and a nutrition/health survey with 93 and 103 rural women
in the Mekong Delta and the Central Highlands, respectively, were
used in the analysis. Energy and nutrient intakes in the groups with
the highest food variety score (FVS) (high = 21) in the two regions
were compared to those with the lowest food variety score (low = 15).
The high FVS groups in both regions also had a more diversified diet
in terms of food categories. With the exception of low iron and riboflavin
intakes in all groups, the high FVS groups had relatively adequate
diets. A large variety of vegetables was used and only approximately
half of the vegetable species were cultivated. In both regions the
high FVS groups used a significantly greater variety of vegetables
than the low FVS groups. Wild vegetables contributed significantly
to the overall micronutrient intakes, mostly carotene, vitamin C and
calcium intakes, but only the contribution to carotene intake was
significantly higher in the high FVS group. Overall, we conclude that
a food variety analysis is a useful tool in capturing the dietary
role of wild vegetables.
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Poor
nutritional status in older black South Africans
KAREN E CHARLTON, LESLEY T BOURNE, KRISELA STEYN, JACOBA A LAUBSCHER
A
cross-sectional analytical study was undertaken to describe the nutritional
status and dietary intake of the elderly black population of Cape
Town. A stratified proportional sample of 148 men and women aged 60
years and older (mean = 68.9 ± 5.7) was selected from informal
and formal peri-urban settlements. The study population was predominantly
urbanized, although most subjects had migrated from non-urban areas.
Trained fieldworkers conducted a 24-h recall dietary assessment and
performed anthropometrical measurements. Mean energy intakes fell
below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for both men and women;
27% and 36% of men and women, respectively, had energy intakes <67%
RDA. Total fat intake was low and contributed 24-26% total energy.
Mean dietary fibre intake was low at 11-16 g/day. Mean intakes fell
below the RDA for vitamin D, calcium, zinc and vitamin B6. Less than
two and a half servings per day were consumed from the vegetable and
fruit group and less than one serving per day from the calcium-rich
food group. Over half (51.3%) of the women and 18% of the male were
obese (body mass index 30). We concluded that older black subjects
in Cape Town have energy profiles in line with prudent dietary guidelines
and more favorable than other elderly groups in the country, with
regard to atherogenic risk. However, micronutrient and dietary fiber
intake is inadequate, largely due to low reported energy intakes,
particularly in women.
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Can
dietary factors explain differences in serum cholesterol profiles
among different ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore?
MABEL DEURENBERG-YAP, TERESA LI, WEI LING TAN, WIJA A VAN STAVEREN,
SUOK KAI CHEW, PAUL DEURENBERG
In
Singapore, there exists differences in risk factors for coronary heart
disease among the three main ethnic groups: Chinese, Malays and Indians.
This study aimed to investigate if differences in dietary intakes
of fat, types of fat, cholesterol, fruits, vegetables and grain foods
could explain the differences in serum cholesterol levels between
the ethnic groups. A total of 2408 adult subjects (61.0% Chinese,
21.4% Malays and 17.6% Indians) were selected systematically from
the subjects who took part in the National Health Survey in 1998.
The design of the study was based on a cross-sectional study. A food
frequency questionnaire was used to assess intakes of energy, total
fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol,
fruits, vegetables and cereal-based foods. The Hegsted score was calculated.
Serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high
density lipoprotein cholesterol were analysed and the ratio of total
cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol was computed.
The results showed that on a group level (six sex-ethnic groups),
Hegsted score, dietary intakes of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol,
vegetables and grain foods were found to be correlated to serum cholesterol
levels. However, selected dietary factors did not explain the differences
in serum cholesterol levels between ethnic groups when multivariate
regression analysis was performed, with adjustment for age, body mass
index, waist-hip ratio, cigarette smoking, occupation, education level
and physical activity level. This cross-sectional study shows that
while selected dietary factors are correlated to serum cholesterol
at a group level, they do not explain the differences in serum cholesterol
levels between ethnic groups independently of age, obesity, occupation,
educational level and other lifestyle risk factors.
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Effects
of a liquid diet supplement containing structured medium- and long-chain
triacylglycerols on bodyfat accumulation in healthy young subjects
TATSUHIRO MATSUO, MASAKO MATSUO, MICHIO KASAI, HIROYUKI TAKEUCHI
The effects of a liquid-formula diet supplement containing structured
medium- and long-chain triacylglycerols (SMLCT) composed of medium-
(10%) and long-chain (90%) fatty acids were compared with those of
long-chain triacylglycerols (LCT) on bodyfat accumulation in 13 healthy
male volunteers aged 18-20 years. The subjects were randomly assigned
the SMLCT or LCT group. The subjects in each group received a liquid-formula
diet supplement of the SMLCT or LCT, which provided 1040 kJ plus daily
energy intake for 12 weeks. Mean energy intake containing liquid diet
throughout the 12-week period did not differ between the SMLCT and
LCT groups. Bodyweight of subjects in both groups increased slightly
from the baseline throughout the 12-week period, but the differences
were not significant. Rates of variation of bodyfat percentage were
significantly lower in the SMLCT group than in the LCT group throughout
the 12-week period. Comparisons between the SMLCT and LCT groups at
baseline and 12 weeks showed no significant differences in any of
the biochemical blood parameters. These results suggest that replacing
LCT with SMLCT over long periods of time could produce bodyfat loss
in the absence of reduced energy intake.
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Study
of biochemical prevalence indicators for the assessment of iodine
deficiency disorders in adults at field conditions in Gujarat (India)
SHEELA R BRAHMBHATT, RON FEARNLEY, RAJESH M BRAHMBHATT, CRESWELL J
EASTMAN, STEVEN C BOYAGES
The
main objective of this study was to assess the severity of iodine
deficiency disorders (IDD) in the adult populations of the Baroda
and Dang districts from Gujarat, western India using biochemical prevalence
indicators of IDD. The other aim of this study was to establish a
biochemical baseline for adequate iodine intake as a result of program
evolution in the face of multiple confounding factors, like malnutrition
and goitrogens responsible for goiter. A total of 959 adults (16-85
years) were studied from two districts (Baroda and Dang) and data
was collected on dietary habits, anthropometric and biochemical parameters
such as height, weight, urinary iodine (UI) and blood thyroid stimulating
hormone (TSH). Drinking water and cooking salt were analyzed for iodine
content. All subjects, irrespective of sex and district, showed median
UI = 73 g/L and mean blood TSH ± SD = 1.59 ± 2.4 mU/L.
Seven per cent of the studied population had blood TSH values >
5 mU/L. Females in Baroda and males from Dang district were more affected
by iodine deficiency as shown by a lower median UI. Mean TSH was significantly
higher in women from both districts as compared to men (P = 0.001).
The blood spots TSH values > 5 mU/L were seen in 20% of women from
Dang. The normative accepted WHO values for UI and TSH for the severity
of IDD as a significant health problem are not available for target
population of adults. Urinary iodine normative limits and cut-offs
are established for school-aged children. Blood spot TSH upper limit
and cut-off values are available for neonate populations. The IDD
has not been eliminated so far, as more than 20% of both male and
female subjects had UI < 50 g/L. Males were more malnourished than
females in both districts (P< 0.05). Pearl millet from Baroda contained
flavonoids like apigenin, vitexin and glycosyl-vitexin. Dang district
water lacked in iodine content. Iodine deficiency disorder is a public
health problem in Gujarat, with the Baroda district a new pocket of
IDD. High amounts of dietary flavonoids in Baroda and Dang, malnutrition
and an additional lack of iodine in Dang water account for IDD.
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Elimination
of iodine deficiency disorders by 2000 and its bearing on the people
in a district of Orissa, India: a knowledge-attitude-practices study
SURENDRA SS MOHAPATRA, GANDHAM BULLIYYA, ANNA S KERKETTA,
JAGAJIVAN JB GEDDAM, ARDHENDU S ACHARYA
A knowledge-attitude-practices (KAP) study was conducted along with
a prevalence study of iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) between 1998-99
in the district of Bargarh, Orissa state, India. A total of 635 people
were interviewed by a pretested structured questionnaire, adopting
the probability proportional to size cluster sampling method. The
aim was to assess the baseline information on the KAP of the people
regarding IDD. Only 37% of the males and 29.3% of the females perceived
goitre as a disease. Less than 5% of both sexes knew how goitre is
caused. Only 16.4% used iodised salt regularly. The awareness and
perception of IDD does not correspond with the time and effort we
have spent in education of this disease. The implications of this
poor knowledge about IDD and consequent poor use of iodised salt is
contrasted to the optimistic target of elimination of IDD. This aspect
is discussed in this paper, at a time when we are at the beginning
of the new millennium.
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Serum
vitamin A concentrations and growth in children and adolescents in
Gansu Province, China
WENBIAO HU, SHILU TONG, BRIAN OLDENBURG, XINGCHAN FENG
The association
between serum vitamin A concentration and growth was assessed in a
random sample of 650 children aged 0-14 years and 143 adolescents
aged 15-19 years from the four prefectures of Jiayuguan, Linxia, Lanzhou
and Tianshui in Gansu Province, China. Serum vitamin A concentrations
were measured using a high performance liquid chromatograph. Height
and weight were measured with standard methods. The results show that
serum vitamin A concentration appeared to be the lowest in the age
group 5-9 years which was only 0.28 mg/mL (95% confidence interval
[CI]: 0.27-0.30) in males and 0.30 mg/mL (95% CI: 0.28-0.32) in females;
and then it gradually increased with age. There was no statistically
significant difference between males and females in any of the age
groups. There were statistically significant correlations between
vitamin A and weight (r = 0.37; P< 0.001) and body mass index (r
= 0.26; P< 0.001). This study suggests that serum vitamin A concentrations
in children and adolescents may affect child growth. Concerted efforts
to improve vitamin A status from a very early age become increasingly
important if vitamin A has a genuine impact on child growth.
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Focused
gut-mucosal nutrition for diarrhoeal disease: improved nutrient therapy
WILLIAM EW ROEDIGER, SUSAN H MILLARD, ANTHONY R BIRD
The main substrates
fuelling ion absorption in the mucosa of the small intestine and large
intestine are respectively glutamine and short-chain fatty acids,
. Measurements now reported showed that derivation of both glutamine
and fibre for short-chain fatty acid production can be achieved from
a single foodstuff - macerated groundnuts. Macerated groundnuts may
be more suitable as an additive in oral rehydration solutions for
promoting ion absorption than other agents that are low either in
glutamine or fibre, such as rice water or resistant starch.
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Updated: September 2004
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