Asia
Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Volume 11, issue 3,
2002
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Contents |
Abstract
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Paper
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 Iron
status and dietary intake of Chinese pregnant women with anaemia
in the third trimester
AIGUO MA, XUECUN CHEN, MINGCI ZHENG, YU WANG, RONGXIAN XU,
JUESHENG LI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):171-175.
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Faecal
bulking efficacy of Australasian breakfast cereals
JOHN A MONRO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):176-185.
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Zinc
and iron status during pregnancy of Filipino women
NYNKE DE JONG, AURORA B AMPONG ROMANO, ROSALIND S GIBSON
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):186-193.
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Tocotrienols
are needed for normal bone calcification in growing female rats
MOHAMED NORAZLINA, SOELAIMAN IMA-NIRWANA, MOHD.
TOP ABDUL GAPOR, B. ABDUL KADIR KHALID
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):194-199.
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Association
between overweight or obesity and household income and parental
body mass index in Australian youth: analysis of the Australian
National Nutrition Survey, 1995
ZAIMIN WANG, CARLA M PATTERSON, ANDREW P HILLS
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):200-205.
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Antioxidant
effect of Phaseolus vulgaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic
rats
SUBRAMANIAN VENKATESWARAN, LEELAVINOTHAN PARI
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):206-209.
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Cross-sectional
study of diet and risk factors for metabolic diseases in a Ghanaian
population in Sydney, Australia
ASHRAF SALEH, SOUMELA AMANATIDIS, SAMIR SAMMAN
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):210-216.
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Glycaemic
glucose equivalent: combining carbohydrate content, quantity and
glycaemic index of foods for precision in glycaemia management
JOHN A MONRO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):217-225.
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Green
tea catechin improves microsomal phospholipase A2 activity and
the arachidonic acid cascade system in the kidney of diabetic
rats
SOON-JAE RHEE, JEONG-HWA CHOI, MO RA PARK
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):226-231.
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Effects
of green tea catechin on prostaglandin synthesis of renal glomerular
and renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
SOON-JAE RHEE, MI-JI KIM, OH-GYE KWAG
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):232-236.
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Selective feeding centres in refugee settings: evaluation framework
protocol
ANDRE MN RENZAHO
Asia Pac J
Clin Nutr. 2002;11(3):237-245. |
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Iron
status and dietary intake of Chinese pregnant women with anaemia in
the third trimester
AIGUO MA, XUECUN CHEN, MINGCI ZHENG, YU WANG, RONGXIAN XU, JUESHENG
LI
Anaemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem in China. Anaemia
in pregnant women may be related to dietary intake of nutrients. To
examine the relationship between iron status and dietary nutrients,
a cross-sectional study in pregnant women was carried out. The intake
of foods and food ingredients were surveyed by using 24-h dietary
recall. Blood haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum iron, serum ferritin,
transferrin and soluble transferrin receptor were measured in 1189
clinically normal pregnant women in the third trimester of pregnancy.
The results showed that the average daily intake of rice and wheat
was 504.2 g in the anaemia group and 468.6 g in the normal group.
Carbohydrates accounted for 63.69% and 63.09% of energy in the anaemia
and normal groups, respectively. Intake of fat was very low; 18.38%
of energy in anaemia group and 19.23% of energy in normal group. Soybean
intake was 109.4 g/day and 63.6 g/day in the anaemia and normal groups,
respectively (P < 0.001). There were lower intakes of green vegetables
(172.1 g/day) and fruits (154.9 g/day) in the anaemia group than in
the normal group (246.2 g/day green vegetables (P < 0.001) and
196.4 g/day fruit (P < 0.001)). Intakes of retinol and ascorbic
acid were much lower in the anaemia than in the normal group (P <
0.001). In the anaemia group, vitamin A intake was only 54.76% of
the Chinese recommended daily allowance (RDA) and ascorbic acid intake
was 53.35% of the Chinese RDA. Intake of total vitamin E was 14.55
mg/day in the anaemia group compared with 17.35 mg/day in the normal
group (P < 0.016). Moreover, intake of iron in pregnant women with
anaemia was slightly lower than that in the normal group. Comparison
of iron status between the anaemia and normal groups found serum iron
in women with anaemia at 0.89 µg/L, which was significantly
lower than 1.09 µg/L in the normal group (P < 0.001). There
were lower average values of ferritin (14.70 µg/L) and transferrin
(3.34 g/L) in the anaemia group than in the normal group (20.40 µg/L
ferritin (P < 0.001) and 3.44 g/L transferrin (P < 0.001)).
Soluble transferrin receptor was significantly higher (32.90 nmol/L)
in the anaemia than in the normal group (23.58 nmol/L; P < 0.001).
The results of this study indicate that anaemia might be attributed
to a low iron intake, a low intake of enhancers of iron absorption
and a high intake of inhibitors of iron absorption from a traditional
Chinese diet rich in grains.
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Faecal
bulking efficacy of Australasian breakfast cereals
JOHN A MONRO
Faecal bulk may play an important role in preventing a range of disorders
of the large bowel, but as yet there is little information available
on the relative faecal bulking capacities of various foods. Breakfast
cereals are often promoted as a good source of potential bulk for
'inner health' because they provide dietary fibre, but their relative
abilities to provide faecal bulk per se have not been described. The
faecal bulking efficacy of 28 representative Australasian breakfast
cereals was therefore measured. A rat model developed for the purpose,
and shown to give similar responses as humans to cereal fibres, was
used to measure faecal bulking efficacy as increases in fully hydrated
faecal weight/100 g diet, based on precise measurements of food intake,
faecal dry matter output and faecal water-holding capacity (g water
held without stress/g faecal dry matter). Compared to a baseline diet
containing 50% sucrose, increments in hydrated faecal weight due to
50% breakfast cereal ranged from slightly negative (Cornflakes, -2
g/100 g diet) to about 80 g/100 g diet (San Bran). Most breakfast
cereals increased hydrated faecal weight by between 10 and 20 g/100
g diet from a baseline of 21 ± 1.5 g/100 g diet, but four products
containing high levels of wheat bran had an exceptionally large impact
on hydrated faecal weight (increment >20 g/100 g diet), and the
changes resulted more from relative changes in dry matter output than
in faecal water retention/gram. However, as faecal water retention
was about 2.5 g water/g faecal dry matter on average, increases in
dry matter represented large increases in faecal water load. Faecal
bulking indices (FBI) for most of the breakfast cereals were less
than 20 (wheat bran = 100). The content of wheat bran equivalents
for faecal bulk (WBEfb)) in the breakfast cereals was calculated from
FBI. Most breakfast cereals contributed, per serve, less than 10%
of a theoretical daily reference value for faecal bulk (DRVfb = 63
WBEfb/day), which was based on data from human clinical trials and
dietary fibre recommendations. Based on the WBEfb contribution/serving
that would be required to meet the DRVfb from the number of servings
of dietary fibre sources in the CSIRO 12345+ food and nutrition plan,
the results suggest that although some high bran breakfast cereals
may contribute substantially to, and many are reasonable sources of,
faecal bulk, for most of them, one or two servings at breakfast cannot
be relied on to effectively redress shortfalls in faecal bulk elsewhere
in the diet.
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Zinc
and iron status during pregnancy of Filipino women
NYNKE DE JONG, AURORA B AMPONG ROMANO, ROSALIND S GIBSON
Low
birthweight is associated with maternal anaemia and, in some circumstances,
with low iron and zinc status, but this relationship has not been
investigated in the Philippines. In this study, we assessed the prevalence
of anaemia and suboptimal iron and zinc status in pregnant women from
three geographical regions (mountain, coast, city) of Zamboanga del
Sur province at 24 weeks (n = 305), and again at 36 weeks (n = 127),
gestation. At 24 weeks, 34% were anaemic (i.e., haemoglobin < 105
g/L) from all causes, of whom only 14% had concomitant low serum ferritin
values (i.e., < 12 g/L). The presence of infection was low, based
on both elevated white blood cell count (> 11 109/L; 19%) and serum
C-reactive protein (> 15 mg/L; 3%). Of the women surveyed, 20%
were iron depleted but not anaemic, and 15% were zinc deficient (i.e.,
serum zinc < 7.1 mol/L). The mean (± SD) birthweight of
the infants (n = 250) was 3074 g ± 408 g, of whom 5% were of
low birthweight (< 2500 g). No differences existed for biochemical
indices or birthweight among the three regions, or between women consuming
maize or rice-based diets. Women with low haemoglobin (P = 0.05) and
low serum zinc (P = 0.14) values at 24 weeks gestation had infants
with lower birthweights than those with values 105 g/L and 7.1 mol/L,
respectively. However, in the multivariate model, the contribution
of maternal haemoglobin to the variance in birthweight at 24 weeks
gestation was non-significant, although modest for serum zinc. Anaemia
and/or suboptimal zinc status during pregnancy may be related to low
birthweight in the Philippines, and their aetiology deserves further
study.
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Tocotrienols
are needed for normal bone calcification in growing female rats
MOHAMED NORAZLINA, SOELAIMAN IMA-NIRWANA, MOHD. TOP
ABDUL GAPOR, B. ABDUL KADIR KHALID
In this study
the effects of vitamin E deficiency and supplementation on bone calcification
were determined using 4-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats. The
rats weighed between 180 and 200 g. The study was divided in three
parts. In experiment 1 the rats were given normal rat chow (RC, control
group), a vitamin E deficient (VED) diet or a 50% vitamin E deficient
(50%VED) diet. In experiment 2 the rats were given VED supplemented
with 30 mg/kg palm vitamin E (PVE30), 60 mg/kg palm vitamin E (PVE60)
or 30 mg/kg pure -tocopherol (ATF). In experiment 3 the rats were
fed RC and given the same supplements as in experiment 2. The treatment
lasted 8 months. Vitamin E derived from palm oil contained a mixture
of ATF and tocotrienols. Rats on the VED and 50%VED diets had lower
bone calcium content in the left femur compared to the RC group (91.6
± 13.3 mg and 118.3 ± 26.0 mg cf. 165.7 ± 15.2
mg; P < 0.05) and L5 vertebra (28.3 ± 4.0 mg and 39.5 ±
6.2 mg compared with 51.4 ± 5.8 mg; P < 0.05). Supplementing
the VED group with PVE60 improved bone calcification in the left femur
(133.6 ± 5.0 mg compared with 91.6 ± 13.3 mg; P <
0.05) and L5 vertebra (41.3 ± 3.3 mg compared with 28.3 ±
4.0 mg; P< 0.05) while supplementation with PVE30 improved bone
calcium content in the L5 vertebra (35.6 ± 3.1 mg compared
with 28.3 ± 4.0 mg; P < 0.05). However, supplementation
with ATF did not change the lumbar and femoral bone calcium content
compared to the VED group. Supplementing the RC group with PVE30,
PVE60 or ATF did not cause any significant changes in bone calcium
content. In conclusion, vitamin E deficiency impaired bone calcification.
Supplementation with the higher dose of palm vitamin E improved bone
calcium content, but supplementation with pure ATF alone did not.
This effect may be attributed to the tocotrienol content of palm vitamin
E. Therefore, tocotrienols play an important role in bone calcification.
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Association
between overweight or obesity and household income and parental body
mass index in Australian youth: analysis of the Australian National
Nutrition Survey, 1995
ZAIMIN WANG, CARLA M PATTERSON, ANDREW P HILLS
This study is a secondary data analysis based on the 1995 Australian
National Nutrition Survey (NNS). A random subsample of 1581 school
children aged 7 15 years old from the NNS was studied. The results
show the prevalence of overweight, obesity and combined overweight
and obesity was 10.6 20.9%, 3.7 7.2% and 15.6 25.7%, respectively.
The odds ratio of overweight or obese boys with highest household
income was significantly smaller than those with the lowest household
income. The proportion of combined overweight and obesity in children
whose parents were overweight or obese was significantly greater compared
with those whose parents were not. The trend of increasing prevalence
of overweight or obesity among children with increasing parental body
mass index (BMI) was significant after adjusting for age except the
trend of father's BMI for boys. This study provided baseline data
on the recent prevalence of overweight or obesity of Australian school
children using new international absolute BMI cut-off points. It indicated
that young school girls (7 9 years) were more likely to be overweight
or obese compared with boys, the prevalence rates of overweight or
obesity in older boys (13 15 year) was significantly greater than
in other age groups while in girls it was the opposite. The boys with
lowest household income ($0 17 500) were more likely to be overweight
or obese compared with those with the highest household income (greater
than $67 500). Having parents especially mothers who were overweight
or obese may increase the risk of children being overweight or obese.
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Antioxidant
effect of Phaseolus vulgaris in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
SUBRAMANIAN VENKATESWARAN, LEELAVINOTHAN PARI
The
antioxidant effect of an aqueous extract of Phaseolus vulgaris pods,
an indigenous plant used in Ayurvedic medicine in India, was studied
in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Oral administration
of Phaseolus vulgaris pod extract (PPEt; 200 mg/kg body weight) for
45 days resulted in a significant reduction in thiobarbituric acid
reactive substances and hydroperoxides. The extract also causes a
significant increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase,
catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase in
the liver and kidneys of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.
These results clearly show the antioxidant property of PPEt. The effect
of PPEt at 200 mg/kg body weight was more effective than glibenclamide.
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Cross-sectional
study of diet and risk factors for metabolic diseases in a Ghanaian
population in Sydney, Australia
ASHRAF SALEH, SOUMELA AMANATIDIS, SAMIR SAMMAN
Ethnic groups in affluent environments experience higher rates of
metabolic diseases than their native counterparts. Our objective was
to determine the prevalence of metabolic risk factors in Ghanaians
in Sydney, and to investigate the relationship with dietary and lifestyle
factors. Cross-sectional design with anthropometry, blood pressure,
plasma lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations were measured on
two occasions on each subject. Dietary information was obtained by
three 24-h dietary recalls. Adults (45 male, 35 female) were recruited
from a local association in Sydney, Australia. Overweight was observed
in a large proportion of subjects (71% and 66% of men and women, respectively),
with 18% of men and 26% of women classified as obese. Abdominal overweight
was seen in 63% and 74% of men and women, respectively. Abdominal
obesity was seen in 20% of men and 49% of women. Hypertension was
detected in 40% of men and 17% of women, 16% of men and 6% of women
were diagnosed with definite hypertension. Seventy-one per cent of
men and 29% of women were classified as hypercholesterolaemic and
67% of men and 23% of women had elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
In men, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertriacylglycerolaemia
affected 18% and 13%, respectively. Fasting hyperinsulinaemia was
observed in 14% and 9% of men and women, respectively. The majority
of subjects (73%) sustained one or more metabolic risk factors. Dietary
fat contributed 33% and 35% of total energy intake in men and women,
respectively, saturated fat contributing 11% in both sexes. A high
prevalence of overweight, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia
exists in this population, particularly in men, highlighting the need
for intervention.
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Glycaemic
glucose equivalent: combining carbohydrate content, quantity and glycaemic
index of foods for precision in glycaemia management
JOHN A MONRO
The
glycaemic index (GI) is the blood glucose response to carbohydrate
in a food as a percentage of the response to an equal weight of glucose.
Because GI is a percentage, it is not related quantitatively to food
intakes, and because it is based on equi-carbohydrate comparisons,
GI-based exchanges for control of glycaemia should be restricted to
foods providing equal carbohydrate doses. To overcome these limitations
of GI, the glycaemic glucose equivalent (GGE), the weight of glucose
having the same glycaemic impact as a given weight of food, is proposed
as a practical measure of relative glycaemic impact. To illustrate
the differences between GGE and GI in quantitative management of postprandial
glycaemia, published values for carbohydrate content, GI and serving
size of foods in the food groupings, breads, breakfast cereals, pulses,
fruit and vegetables, were used to determine the GGE content per equal
weight and per serving of foods. Food rankings and classifications
for exchanges based on GGE content were compared with those based
on GI. In all of the food groupings analysed, values for relative
glycaemic impact (as GGE per 100 g food and per serving) within each
of the categories, low, medium and high GI, were too scattered for
GI to be a reliable indicator of the glycaemic impact of any given
food. Correlations between GI and GGE content per serving were highest
in food groupings of similar carbohydrate content and serving size,
including breads (r = 0.73) and breakfast cereals (r = 0.8), but low
in more varied groups including pulses (r = 0.66), fruit (r = 0.48)
and vegetables (r = 0.28). Because of the non-correspondence of GI
and GGE content, food rankings by GI did not agree with rankings by
GGE content, and placement of foods in GI-based food exchange categories
was often not appropriate for managing glycaemia. Effects of meal
composition and food intake on relative glycaemic impact could be
represented by GGE content, but not by GI. Because GGE is not restricted
to equicarbohydrate comparisons, and is a function of food quantity,
GGE may be applied, irrespective of food or meal composition and weight,
and in a number of approaches to the management of glycaemia. Accurate
control of postprandial glycaemia should therefore be achievable using
GGE because they address the need to combine GI with carbohydrate
dose in diets of varying composition and intake, to obtain a realistic
indication of relative glycaemic impact.
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Green
tea catechin improves microsomal phospholipase A2 activity and the
arachidonic acid cascade system in the kidney of diabetic rats
SOON-JAE RHEE, JEONG-HWA CHOI, MO RA PARK
The
purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of green tea
catechin on the microsomal phospholipase A2 activity and arachidonic
acid cascade in the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 100 ± 10 g were assigned
randomly to one normal and three streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups.
The diabetic groups were the DM-0C group (n = 10), fed a catechin-free
diet, the DM-0.25C group (n = 10), fed a 0.25 g catechin per 100 g
diet, and the DM-0.5C group (n = 10), fed a 0.5 g catechin per 100
g diet. The kidney microsomal phospholipase A2 activity was higher
in the diabetic groups than in the normal group, while it was lower
in the DM-0.25C and DM-0.5C groups than in the DM-0C group. The percentage
of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysed in the kidney microsomes was not
significantly different between any of the four groups. The percentage
of phosphatidylethanolamine hydrolysed in the kidney microsomes was
progressively higher in the DM-0.5C, DM-0.25C and DM-0C groups, respectively,
compared to the normal group. The formation of thromboxane A2 was
significantly higher while the formation of prostacyclin was lower
in kidney microsomes of the streptozotocin-induced diabetic groups
compared with the normal group, but this condition was improved by
catechin supplementation. Kidney microsomal vitamin E concentrations
were progressively lower in the DM-0.5C, DM-0.25C, and DM-0C groups,
respectively, compared to the normal group. The kidney thiobarbituric
acid reactive substance (TBARS) contents became higher in the DM-0C
and DM-0.25C groups as compared with the normal group, whereas the
DM-0.5C group did not differ from the normal group. Kidney function
appears to be improved by green tea catechin supplementation due to
its antithrombus action, which in turn controls the arachidonic acid
cascade system.
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Effects
of green tea catechin on prostaglandin synthesis of renal glomerular
and renal dysfunction in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
SOON-JAE RHEE, MI-JI KIM, OH-GYE KWAG
The purpose of
the present study was to investigate the effects of green tea catechin
on prostaglandin synthesis of renal glomerular and renal dysfunction
in rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. Sprague-Dawley rats
weighing 100 ± 10 g were randomly assigned to one normal group
and three groups with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The diabetic
groups were classified to a catechin-free diet (DM group), a 0.25%
catechin diet (DM-0.25C group) and a 0.5% catechin diet (DM-0.5C group)
according to the levels of catechin supplement in their diet. The
animals were maintained on an experimental diet for 4 weeks. At this
point, they were injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes.
They were killed on the sixth day. The catechin supplementation groups
(DM-0.25C, DM-0.5C groups) showed a decrease in thromboxane A2 synthesis
but an increase in prostacyclin synthesis, compared to the DM group.
The ratio of prostacyclin/thromboxane A2 was 53.3% and 38.1% lower
in the DM and DM-0.25C groups, respectively, than in the normal group.
The ratio in the DM-0.5C group did not differ from that in the normal
group. The glomerular filtration rate in catechin feeding groups (DM-0.25C
and DM-0.5C groups) was maintained at the normal level. The urinary
2-microglobulin content in the DM-0.5C group was significantly lower
than that in the normal group. On the sixth day after induction of
diabetes, the urinary microalbumin content in the DM, DM-0.25C and
DM-0.5C groups had increased 5.40, 4.02, 3.87 times, respectively,
compared with the normal group. In conclusion, kidney function appears
to be improved by green tea catechin supplementation due to its antithrombotic
action, which in turn controls the arachidonic acid cascade system.
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Selective
feeding centres in refugee settings: evaluation framework protocol
ANDRE MN RENZAHO
Selective
feeding programs are centres for the treatment of persons suffering
from acute malnutrition. Unlike chronic malnutrition, acute malnutrition
reflects recent problems. In a crisis situation, wasting is preferred
above other indicators because it is sensitive to rapid change, indicates
present change, can be used to monitor the impact of interventions
and is a good predictor of immediate mortality risk. This paper reviews
the current approach being used in the field to evaluate the effectiveness
of feeding programs. There is no comprehensive evaluation framework
in place to assess the impact of feeding programs on mortality due
to malnutrition. Some loose outcome measures, such as the number of
children enrolled in a feeding centre, are being used to determine
if a feeding centre should continue. In addition, malnutrition prevalence
and crude mortality rates determined through nutritional and mortality
surveys are used to assess the impact of feeding programs. This procedure
does not take into account potential confounding factors that impact
on malnutrition prevalence, including access to non-relief foods and
the general food ration. Therefore, one could not confidently say
that the reduction of malnutrition prevalence is a result of feeding
programs. This paper presents an alternative approach to evaluating
feeding centres.
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Updated: September 2004
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